I know that in 1984 the Party wants power just for power's sake—but what kind of power does Winston strive for, and how does he accomplish it?

The novel opens with Winston's opposition to the Party and the government of Oceania. He writes "down with Big Brother" over and over in his new diary, and hopes that there truly is a "Brotherhood" in secret opposition to the regime. He dreams of having a real conversation with O'Brien, who he believes is a kindred spirit. What Winston wants, however, is not power over others but power over his own life in the form individual autonomy and objective truth. He wishes the current government to end so that he can live something approximating what was an ordinary, mundane life during his childhood or the years before he was born. This includes not being under constant surveillance, being able to freely think his own thoughts without it being a thoughtcrime, having a genuine, intimate relationship with another person in privacy, and living in a world that at least tries to record history in an accurate way, rather than rewriting it at will to accord with the current political agenda. So, personal freedom, privacy, relationship, truth-telling: these are the modest forms of power Winston strives to achieve. 

For someone as downtrodden as he is, living in such a closely regimented police state, he works vigorously at and achieves, for a short time, a surprising number of his goals. He asserts personal autonomy through his diary, he visits Mr. Charrington's shop, and maintains his own memories, such as that airplanes were not invented by the Party. He achieves a physically and emotionally intimate love relationship with Julia. He tries to attain a measure of personal privacy in the wooded areas outside of the city and in the room above Mr. Charrington's shop--he and Julia certainly work hard and take risks to achieve this impossible goal. 

He also takes steps toward joining the Brotherhood, primarily by visiting O'Brien's apartment with Julia. He believes O'Brien is part of the movement to overthrow the state and he willing joins in. He doesn't know O'Brien is deceiving him. 

Winston shows a large degree of autonomy and agency in trying to achieve his political agenda before his arrest. After his arrest, he resists capitulating to the lie that two plus two equals five and is determined not to betray Julia, though in both cases, the state breaks him.

Are there quotes which portray friendship in Romeo and Juliet?

Various friendships are implied throughout Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Benvolio and Mercutio are friends with Romeo. The Nurse is Juliet's closest friend and confidant and she is also close to Tybalt. Lord Capulet refers to Paris as his friend when he is insisting that Juliet marry the Count. Friar Lawrence could also be considered friends with Romeo and Juliet. 

In Act I, Scene 1, Benvolio, who is also Romeo's cousin, offers friendly advice  about women. Romeo is depressed because Rosaline doesn't love him, so Benvolio tells him to look at other women when they go to Capulet's party. He says,

At this same ancient feast of Capulet’s
Sups the fair Rosaline whom thou so loves,
With all the admirèd beauties of Verona.
Go thither, and with unattainted eye
Compare her face with some that I shall show,
And I will make thee think thy swan a crow.

Mercutio too shows his friendship to Romeo by trying to raise his spirits in Act I, Scene 4. Romeo says he'll just hold the torches and look on at the party. Mercutio, however, has different ideas for his friend. He says,

You are a lover. Borrow Cupid’s wings
And soar with them above a common bound.

The Nurse is not only like a parent figure to Juliet but also a best friend. Juliet relies on her help when she is setting the arrangements to marry Romeo. The Nurse displays her affection toward Juliet in Act I, Scene 3,

Thou wast the prettiest babe that e’er I nursed.

Likewise Juliet shows how close she is to the Nurse when she is anxious to find out Romeo's news in Act II, Scene 5,

I’ faith, I am sorry that thou art not well.
Sweet, sweet, sweet nurse, tell me, what says my
love?

Of course, the Nurse figuratively abandons Juliet later after Romeo has been banished and Juliet's father arranges the marriage with Paris. Juliet will not listen to the Nurse's advice to go through with the marriage to the Count.

The Nurse also refers to her relationship with Tybalt, Juliet's cousin. Apparently, though it is never portrayed in the play, the Nurse and Tybalt were quite close because when Tybalt turns up dead, the Nurse says,

O Tybalt, Tybalt, the best friend I had!
O courteous Tybalt, honest gentleman,
That ever I should live to see thee dead!

At the end of Act III Lord Capulet calls Paris his friend in the middle of his temper tantrum while trying to convince Juliet that she should marry Paris. He says,

Thursday is near. Lay hand on heart; advise.
An you be mine, I’ll give you to my friend.

The most obvious friendship in the story could be Romeo and Juliet, yet it seems as though they are simply lovers. They haven't known each other long enough to become close like friends. Their love is mercurial and short lived. Friendships are usually based on mutual interests and the passage of time. Loyalty, however, is a trait of friendship and Juliet is completely loyal to Romeo, so much so that she agrees to take the potion to fake her death. When the the Friar presents her with the vial, she says, in Act IV, Scene 1,

Give me, give me! O, tell not me of fear!

What are headaches?

Causes and Symptoms

The International Headache Society has developed the current classification system
for headaches. This system includes fourteen exhaustive categories of headache
with the purpose of developing comparability in the treatment and study of
headaches. Headaches most commonly seen by health care providers can be classified
into four main types: migraine, tension-type, cluster, and other primary
headaches.

Migraine
headaches have an estimated lifetime prevalence of 18
percent, according to the International Association for the Study of Pain.
Migraine headaches are more common in women, and they tend to run in families;
they are usually first noticed in adolescence or young adulthood. For the
diagnosis of migraine without aura (formerly called common migraine or hemicrania
simplex), the person must experience at least five headache attacks, each lasting
between four and seventy-two hours with at least two of the following
characteristics: The headache is unilateral (occurs on one side), has a pulsating
quality, is moderate to severe in intensity, or is aggravated by routine physical
activity. Additionally, one of the following symptoms must accompany the headache:
nausea and/or vomiting or sensitivity to light or sounds. The person’s medical
history, a physical examination, and (where appropriate) diagnostic tests must
exclude other organic causes of the headache, such as brain tumor
or infection such as meningitis. Migraine with aura is far
less common. Migraine with aura (formerly called classical migraine) refers to a
migraine headache with visual disturbances such as the appearance of flickering
lights, spots, or lines and/or the loss of vision; sensory disturbances such as
numbness and/or tingling; and impairment of speech—symptoms that gradually develop
over five to twenty minutes and that last for less than an hour. There are several
subtypes of migraines with aura, including typical aura with migraine headache,
typical aura with nonmigraine headache, typical aura without headache, familial
hemiplegic migraine (migraine with aura including motor weakness in a patient with
a first- or second-degree relative with hemiplegic migraine), sporadic hemiplegic
migraine (migraine with aura including motor weakness in a patient with no first-
or second-degree relatives with hemiplegic migraine), and basilar-type migraine
(migraine with brain-stem aura).

Migraines may be triggered or aggravated by physical activity; by menstruation;
by relaxation after emotional stress; by the ingestion of tyramine in cheddar
cheese or wine, of chocolate, of monosodium glutamate, of sodium nitrate in
processed meats, of nitrites in red wine, and of aspartame; by prescription
medications (including birth control pills and hypertension medications); and by
changes in the weather. Yet the precise pathophysiology of migraines is unknown.
Reduced blood volume in the brain is characteristic of migraine with aura, while
the pathogenesis of migraine without aura is uncertain.

Tension-type headache is the most common type of headache; its mean lifetime
prevalence is approximately 46 percent globally. Tension-type headaches are not
hereditary, occur slightly more frequently in women than in men, and have a mean
age of onset of twenty-five to thirty years, although they can appear at any time
of life. For the diagnosis of tension-type headaches, the person must experience
at least ten headache attacks lasting from thirty minutes to seven days each, with
at least two of the following characteristics: The headache has a pressing or
tightening (nonpulsating) quality, is mild or moderate in intensity (may inhibit
but does not prohibit activities), is bilateral in location, and is not aggravated
by routine physical activity. Additionally, nausea, vomiting, and light or sound
sensitivity are absent or mild. Tension-type headaches have been divided into
episodic and chronic subtypes, and the episodic subtype has been further divided
into frequent and infrequent subtypes. Tension-type headache sufferers describe
these headaches as a band-like or cap-like tightness around the head, and/or
muscle tension in the back of the head, neck, or shoulders. The pain is described
as slow in onset with a dull or steady aching.

Tension-type headaches are believed to be precipitated primarily by psychogenic
factors but can also be stimulated by muscular and spinal disorders, jaw
dysfunction, paranasal sinus disease, and traumatic head
injuries. The pathophysiology of tension-type headaches is
controversial. Tension-type headaches have been attributed to the fascia of the
head, neck, and shoulder muscles causing myogenic-referred pain and to peripheral
pain mechanisms, particularly in episodic tension-type headaches.

Cluster
headaches are the least frequent of the headache types and
are thought to be the most severe and painful. Cluster headaches are more common
in men, with an estimated prevalence of less than 1 percent in the general
population. Typically, these headaches first appear between ten and thirty years
of age, although they can start later in life. Likely risk factors include a
family history of cluster headaches, and possible risk factors include a history
of tobacco smoking or head trauma. For the diagnosis of cluster headaches, the
person must experience at least five severely painful headache attacks with
strictly unilateral pain lasting from fifteen minutes to three hours. One of the
following symptoms must accompany the headache on the painful side of the face: a
bloodshot eye, lacrimation, nasal congestion, nasal discharge, forehead and facial
sweating, contraction of the pupil, or a drooping eyelid. Physical and
neurological examination and imaging must exclude organic causes for the
headaches, such as tumor or infection. Cluster headaches often occur once or twice
daily, or every other day, but can be as frequent as eight attacks in one day,
recurring on the same side of the head during the cluster period. The temporal
“clusters” of these headaches give them their descriptive name.

A cluster headache is described as a severe, excruciating, piercing, sharp, and
burning pain through the eye. The pain is occasionally throbbing but always
unilateral. Radiation of the pain to the teeth has been reported. Cluster headache
sufferers are often unable to sit or lie still and are in such pain that they have
been known, in desperation, to hit their heads with their fists or to smash their
heads against walls or floors.

Cluster headaches can be triggered in susceptible patients by alcohol, histamine,
or nitroglycerine. Because these agents all cause the dilation of blood vessels,
these attacks are believed to be associated with dilation of the temporal and
ophthalmic arteries and other extracranial vessels. There is no evidence that
intracranial blood flow is involved. Cluster headaches have been shown to occur
more frequently during the weeks before and after the longest and shortest days of
the year, lending support for the hypothesis of a link to seasonal changes.
Additionally, cluster headaches often occur at about the same time of day in a
given sufferer, suggesting a relationship to the circadian
rhythms of the body. Vascular changes, hormonal changes,
neurochemical excesses or deficits, histamine levels, and autonomic nervous system
changes are all being studied for their possible role in the pathophysiology of
cluster headaches.

Other primary headaches, using the International Headache Society’s classification
scheme, constitute many of the headaches not mentioned above, including stabbing
headache (occurs spontaneously in the absence of organic disease), cough headache
(brought on by and occurring only in association with coughing or straining),
exertional headache (brought on by and occurring only during or after physical
exertion), headache associated with sexual activity (brought on by and occurring
only as sexual excitement increases), hypnic headache (dull headaches that awaken
the patient from sleep), and thunderclap headache (extremely painful headache with
an abrupt onset).

Distinct from the primary headache types, which are often considered to be chronic
in nature, secondary headaches signify an underlying disease or other medical
condition. Secondary headaches can display pain distribution and quality similar
to those seen in primary headaches. Secondary headaches of concern are usually the
first or worst headache the patient has had or are headaches with recent onset
that are persistent or recurrent. Secondary headaches typically occur for the
first time in close temporal relation to another disorder that causes headaches.
Other signs that cause a high index of suspicion include an unremitting headache
that steadily increases without relief, accompanying weakness or numbness in the
hands or feet, an atypical change in the quality or intensity of the headache,
headache upon recent head trauma or a family history of cardiovascular problems or
cancer. Such headaches can point to hemorrhage, infection such as meningitis,
stroke, tumor, brain abscess, drug withdrawal, and hematoma, which are serious and
potentially life-threatening conditions. A thorough evaluation is necessary for
all patients exhibiting the danger signs of secondary headache.

Treatment and Therapy

Because there are several hundred causes of headaches, the evaluation of headache
complaints is crucial. Medical science offers myriad evaluation techniques for
headaches. The initial evaluation includes a complete history and physical
examination to determine the factors involved in the headache complaint, such as
the general physical condition of the patient, neurological functioning,
cardiovascular condition, metabolic status, and psychiatric condition. Based on
this initial evaluation, the health care professional may elect to perform a
number of diagnostic tests to confirm or reject a diagnosis. These tests might
include blood studies, x-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans,
psychological evaluation, electroencephalograms (EEGs),
magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), or studies of spinal fluid.

Once a headache diagnosis is made, a treatment plan is developed. In the case of
secondary headaches, treatment may take varying forms depending on the underlying
cause, from surgery to the use of prescription medications. For migraine,
tension-type, and cluster headaches, there are several common treatment options.
Headache treatment can be categorized into two types: abortive (symptomatic)
treatment or prophylactic (preventive) treatment. Treatment is tailored to the
type of headache and the type of patient.

A headache is often a highly distressing occurrence for patients, sometimes
causing a high level of anxiety, relief-seeking behavior, lost productivity, and
reduced quality of life. The health care provider must consider not only
biological elements of the illness but also possible resultant psychological and
sociological elements as well. An open, communicative relationship with the
patient is paramount, and treatment routinely begins with soliciting patient
collaboration and providing patient education. Patient education takes the form of
normalizing the headache experience for patients, thereby reducing their fears
concerning the etiology of the headache or about being unable to cope with the
pain. Supportiveness, understanding, and collaboration are all necessary
components of any headache treatment.

There are a number of abortive pharmacological treatments for migraine headaches.
Ergotamine tartrate (an alkaloid or salt) is effective in terminating migraine
symptoms by either reducing the dilation of extracranial arteries or in some way
stimulating certain parts of the brain. Isometheptene, another effective treatment
for migraine, is a combination of chemicals that stimulates the sympathetic
nervous system, provides analgesia, and is mildly tranquilizing. Another class of
medications for migraines are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); these
drugs, as the name implies, reduce inflammation. Both narcotic and nonnarcotic
pain medications are often used for migraines, primarily for their analgesic
properties, particularly acetaminophen. Antiemetic medications prevent or arrest
vomiting and have been used in the treatment of migraines. Sumatriptan, a
vasoactive agent that increases the amount of the neurochemical serotonin in the
brain, shows promise in treating migraines that do not respond to other
treatments.

There are several nonpharmacological treatment options for migraine headaches.
These include stress management, relaxation training, biofeedback
(a variant of relaxation training), psychotherapy (both individual and family),
and the modification of headache-precipitating factors (such as avoiding certain
dietary precipitants). Each of these treatments has been found to be effective for
certain patients, particularly those with chronic migraine complaints. For some
patients, they can be as effective as pharmacological treatments. The exact
mechanism of action for their effect on migraines has not been established. Other
self-management techniques include lying quietly in a dark room, applying pressure
to the side of the head or face on which the pain is experienced, and applying
cold compresses to the head.

The abortive treatment options for tension-type headaches include narcotic and
nonnarcotic analgesics because of their pain-reducing properties. More often with
tension-type headaches, the milder over-the-counter pain medications (such as
aspirin or acetaminophen) are used. NSAIDs are a first-line treatment for
tension-type headaches.

Prophylactic treatments for tension-type headaches include tricyclic
antidepressants. Acupuncture and physical therapy may also be options to
treat frequent tension-type headaches. Physical therapy options include massage,
exercise, treatments to improve posture, and hot and cold packs. Electromyography
(EMG) biofeedback has also shown to have benefits in the treatment of tension-type
headaches. The identification and avoidance of possible tension-type headache
triggers, such as stress, irregular or inappropriate meals, high intake or
withdrawal of caffeine, dehydration, inadequate sleep, or
inappropriate sleep, may also be beneficial.

For cluster headaches, one of the most excruciating types of headache, the most
common abortive treatment is administering pure oxygen to the patient for ten
minutes. The exact mechanism of action is unknown, but it might be related to the
constriction of dilated cerebral arteries. Other first-line treatments include a
subcutaneous injection of sumatriptan and an intranasal spray containing
zolmitriptan. Ergotamine tartrate or similar alkaloids can also abort the attack
in some patients. Nasal drops of a local anesthetic (lidocaine hydrochloride) have
been used to ease cluster headaches. The efficacy of these treatments is
inconclusive.

Prophylactic treatment of this headache type is crucial. Verapamil is often given
in addition to abortive treatments and then withdrawn at the end of a cluster
episode. Lithium may be considered as a second-line medication if verapamil is
ineffective. Melatonin, corticosteroids, and dihydroergotamine may also be used
for the prophylactic treatment of cluster headaches.

While no nonpharmacological treatment strategies are routinely offered to cluster
headache patients, surgery is an option in severe cases in which the headaches are
resistant to all other available treatments. Subcutaneous occipital nerve
stimulation via an implant has been reported to improve chronic cluster headaches.
Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation via an implant may reduce the frequency and
intensity of cluster headache attacks. Modest successes have been found with these
extreme treatment options.

Perspective and Prospects

Headaches are among the most common complaints to physicians and quite likely have
been a problem since the beginning of humankind. Accounts of headaches can be
found in the clinical notes of Arateus of Cappadocia, a first-century physician.
Descriptions of specific headache subtypes can be traced to the second century in
the writings of the Greek physician Galen. Headaches are prevalent health
problems that affect all ages and sexes and those from various cultural, social,
and educational backgrounds.

The prevalence of headaches is greater in women, although the reason is unknown.
Age seems to be a mediating factor as well, with significantly fewer people over
the age of sixty-five years reporting headache problems. There are no
socioeconomic differences in prevalence rates, with persons in high-income and
low-income brackets having similar rates.

The total economic costs of headaches are staggering. The expenses associated with
advances in assessment techniques and routine health care have risen rapidly. The
cost in lost productivity adds to this economic picture. The scientific study of
headaches is necessary to understand this prevalent illness. Efforts, such as
those by the International Headache Society, to develop accepted definitions of
headaches will greatly assist efforts to identify and treat headaches.

Bibliography

Cohan, Wendy.
What Nurses Know . . . Headaches. New York: Demos
Medical, 2013. Print.

Diamond, Seymour, and
Merle L. Diamond. A Patient's Guide to Headache and
Migraine. Newtown: Handbooks in Health Care, 2009.
Print.

Eadie, Mervyn J.
Headache: Through the Centuries. New York: Oxford UP,
2012. Print.

Giordano, Giovanna M.,
and Pietro G. Gallo. Headaches: Causes, Treatment, and
Prevention. New York: Nova Science, 2012. Print.

Green, Mark W., and Philip R. Muskin, eds.
The Neuropsychiatry of Headache. Cambridge: Cambridge
UP, 2013. Print.

International Headache Society. "IHS
Classification ICHD-II." IHS-Classification.org. IHS, n.d.
Web. 20 Feb. 2015.

Ivker, Robert S.
Headache Survival: The Holistic Medical Treatment Program for
Migraine, Tension, and Cluster Headaches. New York: Putnam,
2002. Print.

Lang, Susan, and
Lawrence Robbins. Headache Help: A Complete Guide to Understanding
Headaches and the Medications That Relieve Them. Boston:
Houghton, 2000. Print.

Stovner, L., et al. "The Global Burden of
Headache: A Documentation of Headache Prevalence and Disability Worldwide."
Cephalalgia 27.3 (2007): 193–210. Print.

How can you write an extrapolation in Jimmy Wells' point of view in the form of a diary entry from "After Twenty Years" by O. Henry?

In order to extrapolate the feelings of Jimmy Wells, the reader can review what 'Silky' Bob has said of Jimmy, as well as what Jimmy himself has written to 'Silky' Bob; then, the student can compose the diary entry based upon the feelings of each man for the other.

Here are the characteristics of Jimmy:

• A true friend who keeps his promises.


• He loves New York and does not want to leave it.


• He is honest and forthright.


• He is sentimental

Here is what Bob has said of Jimmy that Jimmy has heard while standing in the doorway of the former restaurant:

• He is a loyal, reliable friend.


• He is a plodder. Bob considers Jimmy a plodder because he does not take risks, instead following the rules. (This difference between what the two men value is probably why they have parted.) 


• Jimmy has not wanted to leave New York and find adventure.

Here is what Jimmy has communicated to Bob in his note:

• He does not have the heart to embarrass Bob by making the arrest himself.


• He cares enough to write Bob.

With these feelings and characteristics in mind, the student can compose a diary entry that will be in concert with Jimmy's personality. For instance, Jimmy probably bemoans more than anything that he is responsible for 'Silky' Bob's return to New York. He might wish that Bob were arrested in Chicago and then he would not have had to deal with what he feels is a betrayal of his old friend. After all, Jimmy seems very saddened that his old friend turned out to be on the other side of the law than he is on. He may also recall all the conversations and good times at the restaurant. Most of all, he may recall what Bob has said of him this fatal night:

"I hope Jimmy has done half as well...I had to compete with some of the sharpest wits to get my pile. A man gets in a groove in New York. It takes the West to put a razor-edge on him." 

This statement by Bob may well upset Jimmy as he realizes that his old friend is not sorry for anything he has done.

_______________________________________________

In order to begin the diary entry, the student can look at the style of Jimmy's writing at the end of the story, when the letter he has written is revealed, and imitate this style. Here is a suggestion for a starting sentence:

                                                 (Put the date)

This was one of the toughest days of my life!  I can't believe I was part of the arrest of my old friend that I had really looked forward to seeing again for so long.  

Perhaps, the student could add why Jimmy feels this way; perhaps, too, Jimmy could reminisce about some of the things he and Bob did when young, how he lost touch with Bob, what made him be a policeman, how he feels about being one now, and how he hates to think of Bob going to prison, etc.)

Describe the religious imagery in Lord of the Flies: the forces of good and evil, a fall from grace, a savior, and eventual redemption. How does...

Golding presents the island on which the boys are stranded as a place of nature, which may be beautiful yet with hidden dangers. What it becomes depends on the choices the boys make, much as Adam and Eve did in the Garden of Eden. The term “Lord of the Flies” is the literal translation from the Hebrew word “Beelzebub,” a name for Satan. By turning to the head of the boar, the Lord of the Flies, the boys led by Jack look to a force that justifies their evil actions. This is the fall from grace.

Simon, the outsider, functions as a Christ-figure. He wanders off and is eventually killed during the fire set by the boys. Ralph and Piggy serve as types of Everyman. They seek goodness, both within themselves and in the island around them. Yet their efforts are no match for the evil of Jack and the others. The conch functions as a symbol of Absolute Truth and order that the boys can appeal to outside of themselves. When this is destroyed, the evil nature of the boys takes over.

Ralph cannot long survive against Jack and the boys. Redemption has to come from the outside, in the form of the naval officer who lands on the shores just as Ralph is about to be caught and probably killed by the others. This seems to show that “salvation” must come from outside of ourselves; it must come from a higher power (the naval officer symbolic of God).

Golding’s overall theme is that, left to himself, mankind will not choose self-betterment and order. He will descend into evil and destruction. Isaac Newton’s law of entropy controls moral nature, as well as physical nature.

Why does every police officer need to be aware of the rules of civil liability? What are the potential consequences if an officer is not aware of...

Police are necessary to reduce crime and maintain civil order, but to maintain a free society, it is also necessary that the police abide by strict codes of conduct and do not abuse their authority. We need to hold police officers to an even higher standard than we hold other people because the police act "under color of law." This means they represent our government, system of laws, and, ultimately, civil society. Every action by a police officer is therefore an act by our government upon our citizens.

To that end, we have established codes of civil liability that the police are required to obey at all times. These rules ultimately owe their existence to fundamental rights established in the Constitution, such as the right against unreasonable search and seizure in the Fourth Amendment and the right against self-incrimination in the Fifth Amendment.

If a police officer violates one of these rights in the line of duty (examples include performing an illegal search, killing a suspect without justification, or performing a custodial interrogation without a lawyer present), that officer can be held liable and sued in court for damages. Evidence acquired illegally can be thrown out of court. If the offense is serious enough, it can result in the officer being removed from the force or receiving criminal charges.

Police officers have a responsibility to know and follow these codes of civil liability, not only to protect themselves from lawsuits, but also as a fundamental part of their job. Officers aren't thugs or vigilantes who fight crime without rules; they are police officers who exercise legitimate authority within Constitutional limits.

`(3, 2), y = 2x - 1` Find the distance between the point and the line.

Given (3, 2) `y=2x-1`

`y=2x-1`

`-2x+y+1=0`

Let A=-2, B=1, C=1, x1=3, and y1=2

Find the distance between the point and the line using the formula

`d=|Ax_1+By_1+C|/sqrt(A^2+B^2)`

`d=|(-2)(3)+(1)(2)+1|/sqrt((-2)^2+1^2)`

`d=|-6+2+1|/sqrt(4+1)=3/sqrt5=1.3`

The distance between the point and the line is 1.3 units.

How can we explain the themes of quest, test, temptation and initiation in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight?

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is an epic story that takes place in the medieval time period. The premise of the story is that a Green Knight challenges King Arthur to a duel, in which each man will take a swing at the other's head with an axe. Sir Gawain volunteers to take Arthur's place. He cuts off the head of the Green Knight, who casually picks his head back up again and promises to repay Gawain in 366 days (the standard length of time for a medieval contract). Gawain must then set off on a quest to find the castle of the Green Knight before his time is up. 

During his journey, Gawain is tempted by each of the seven deadly sins: lust, sloth, greed, pride, envy, gluttony, and anger. Lady Bertilak tempts him with kisses, Gawain lounges in bed instead of working, he exhibits greed when he keeps Lady Bertilak's girdle for himself, and he is tempted by the others as he feasts and parties at Bertilak's castle. 

Eventually Gawain is put to the test. He flinches when the Green Knight swings the axe to cut off his head, and fails the first test. On the second swing, Gawain holds true, and receives only a scratch on his neck. Gawain confesses his sins and is pardoned by the Green Knight for his failings. He is allowed to keep his head. 

When Gawain finally returns to Arthur's court, he humbles himself and vows to wear a girdle as a reminder that he has sinned. The entire court is initiated into Gawain's idea, and everyone in court dons a similar girdle. The ending of the story contains possible themes of rebirth, hope and reformation for the court. 

Who does Fagin think Nancy wants to meet on Sunday night in Oliver Twist?

Fagin thinks that Nancy is cheating on Bill.

Fagin knows that Nancy is mistreated by Bill Sikes. As a woman, she is particularly vulnerable in this criminal lifestyle. She stays with Bill for protection more than out of love. He beats her and berates her. Therefore, when Nancy wants to leave, Fagin assumes she has taken another lover who treats her better than Bill.

He had conceived the idea—not from what had just passed though that had tended to confirm him, but slowly and by degrees—that Nancy, wearied of the housebreaker's brutality, had conceived an attachment for some new friend. (Ch. 44)

This is actually not true at all. Nancy has a new friend all right—Oliver. She is looking out for him. Nancy risks her life to try to protect him and help him. Oliver has a good heart and she knows it.

Nancy is meeting with Rose Maylie, concerning Oliver. She knows that he does not belong on the streets or with Fagin, and should be with his family.

'Every Sunday night, from eleven until the clock strikes twelve,' said the girl without hesitation, 'I will walk on London Bridge if I am alive.' (Ch. 40)

Nancy knows that it is dangerous for her to sneak out and meet Rose like this. Bill is supremely jealous, and will likely come to the same conclusion that Fagin did. Also, the perhaps larger risk is that Bill or Fagin will think that she is meeting with the police to “peach” on them, or tell on them.  Either way, one or the other will assume that she is betraying them. This is why Bill kills Nancy.

In some ways, Nancy is betraying them. After all, Oliver is business. Their job is to keep him and turn him into a criminal. She should not be trying to protect him or rescue him if she is loyal to Fagin or Bill. However, in spite of the fact that she is a “fallen woman,” Nancy is a good person. It is too late for her, but not too late for Oliver.

What is the operational definition of hyperactivity?

It is useful to start with a general idea of what hyperactivity means. In its most basic or simplistic sense, we can talk about hyperactivity as simply meaning overactive or excessive levels of activity. Hyperactivity is often used in reference to psychological disorders such as ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) or as a component of childhood behavioral disorders.

Next, it is important to understand the concept of operational definitions. Operational definitions are used by researchers to specifically define what they plan to measure (usually a behavior or response). An operational definition for hyperactivity might depend on the context and specific type of research being conducted. That is, does the research plan to measure hyperactivity by using a psychological pen and paper test or interview, or is the researcher going to observe participants under study? Is the researcher looking at a specific disorder (e.g., ADHD) or population (e.g., children)? If so, the researcher would likely conduct a review of available literature to see what the consensus is for defining hyperactivity in those contexts.

A possible approach to operationally defining hyperactivity might be to point out the specific behaviors being observed that comprise hyperactivity. For example, if a researcher is measuring hyperactivity in children with a specific disorder, what does hyperactivity tend to look like in that context? Do we see higher levels of activity or impulse control problems, restlessness, inability to sit still, etc.? In other words, what is going to constitute measurable hyperactivity in the research being conducted? Answer that question and you have your operational definition.

If we define hyperactivity as I did at the start of this response (excessive levels of activity), then an example of an operational definition for this construct might involve observing “hyperactive” behaviors (excessive levels of activity) in our group of participants and/or giving psychological tests that assess this construct.

What is the probability that any two humans with the same parents will be identical (other than identical twins)? Show the calculations (a) for...

a. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (because each human got one set of 23 chromosomes from mom and one set of 23 chromosomes from dad) that duplicate and then divide twice during meiosis. At the end of meiosis, each cell (whether that be an egg or a sperm) has only one of each of the 23 chromosomes, which is half of what the cell started with. It is random which chromosome of the original pair ends up in an individual egg or sperm. Because there are two possibilities for each chromosome and 23 different chromosomes, there are 
`2^23=8,388,608`

possible combinations of the 23 chromosomes for an egg or sperm. 

b. Now, to make an individual one sperm meets up with one egg. An individual has a `1/2^23` chance of getting a certain combination of chromosomes from dad and a `1/2^23` chance of getting a certain combination of chromosomes from mom. Rules of probability tell us to multiply those together when we want both events to occur, so that leaves a `1/2^46 = 1/70368744177664` chance of an individual getting the specific set of chromosomes they have.

In order for this to happen again for an identical sibling, we would then multiply this by itself (using the same rule of probability), and we have a `1/2^92 = 1/4951760157141521099596496896` chance of another individual having the identical combination of chromosomes. And if you take crossing over into account, the chances go lower still. This is why it is essentially impossible to have two identical individuals from the same parents (excluding identical twins of course).

` `

What does Stephen Vincent Benet hint is the cause of "The Great Burning" in "By the Waters of Babylon"?

The Great Burning was probably some kind of nuclear event because fire fell from the sky.

John’s society exists in a post-apocalyptic world.  There are many hints that it is our world, and the disaster was man-made.  For one thing, priests search the houses of the “gods” for metal, and the metal is dangerous to touch.  This seems to indicate that a nuclear event occurred.

The greatest hint that it was an atomic bomb or some other nuclear weapon that caused the destruction is the fact that John’s people remember the event, or at least seem to know what happened.

I saw both banks of the river—I saw that once there had been god-roads across it, though now they were broken and fallen like broken vines. Very great they were, and wonderful and broken—broken in the time of the Great Burning when the fire fell out of the sky. 

Fire might fall out of the sky if there was an atomic bomb. It could refer to the blast radius or to the acid rain that could follow.  Either way, it implies a serious event that eradicated large portions of the population, specifically in the city of New York.

In addition, nuclear blasts leave traces behind.  John seems to describe these when he says that there are “marks and stains” left behind from the incident.

It is not true what some of the tales say, that the ground there burns forever, for I have been there. Here and there were the marks and stains of the Great Burning, on the ruins, that is true. But they were old marks and old stains.

John also mentions “a mist that poisoned” and the fact that people were running around as the fire fell from the sky, and then their buildings collapsed.  Legends tell of the few who “escaped” and it is from them that John gets these stories.

What effects do the adult children of alcoholics experience?

A Challenging Journey

Adult children of alcoholics (ACOA) suffer from a wide range of negative effects because of their disrupted family backgrounds, including a fourfold increase in the likelihood of becoming alcoholics themselves, higher rates of mental disorders, higher rates of marrying into alcoholic families, and higher rates of becoming separated or divorced from their spouses. Typical ACOA tendencies can affect critical elements of life, including romantic relationships, parenting style, career goals, and finances.

Trust and security, two necessities for successful long-term relationships, do not come easily for many ACOAs, who grew up in insecure homes and may choose to isolate themselves from others. In addition, because many alcoholic parents were often more preoccupied with drinking than with caring for their children, ACOAs often have a strong need for affection, which can manifest itself as possessiveness, jealousy, and oversensitivity. The strong desire to be loved can lead ACOAs to inspire dependency in their own children. ACOAs’ need for approval can also lead them to overspend or pay beyond their means to please others. Also, many ACOAs had to mature early and assume the responsibilities that the alcoholic parent could not fulfill, which can create an overdeveloped sense of responsibility in ACOAs and contribute to feelings of inadequacy and loss of control.

Finding Help

The depth to which alcoholism affects ACOAs’ daily lives depends on a wide range of variables, from their own personalities and coping skills to the extent to which their parent’s alcoholism affected their early developmental years. All ACOAs can benefit from learning strategies that will help them overcome negative behaviors and chart courses for healthy futures, but no single method works best for everyone. Options include:

Reading. Find the latest books and research, both in print and online, about alcohol abuse and the way it can affect family life.

Talking. Confide in a close friend or family member who can understand your feelings and respect your privacy without judgment.

Counseling. Meet with a psychologist or certified social worker who can help you focus on your future, not the pains of the past. Sometimes talking with a stranger can be more therapeutic than talking with a friend.

Joining. Become a part of a free support group that meets in person or in a private online chat forum to find out how other ACOAs have overcome barriers to happiness. Twelve-step programs, such as Al-Anon and Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACA), can be particularly empowering.

Bibliography

Dayton, Tian. "Adult Children of Alcoholics and Trauma." Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost, 13 Feb. 2015. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.

Ketcham, Katherine, William F. Asbury, Mel Schulstad, and Arthur P. Ciaramicoli. Beyond the Influence: Understanding and Defeating Alcoholism. New York: Bantam, 2000. Print.

Ludwig, Arnold. Understanding the Alcoholic’s Mind: The Nature of Craving and How to Control It. New York: Oxford UP, 1989. Print.

Martin, Scott C. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2015. Print.

Miller, William R., and Kathleen M. Carroll, eds. Rethinking Substance Abuse: What the Science Shows, and What We Should Do about It. New York: Guilford, 2010. Print.

Taite, Richard. "6 Signs of Addiction in Adult Children of Alcoholics." Psychology Today. Sussex, 28 Aug. 2015. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.

In the book Lyddie, how did Betsy lose all her savings?

Betsy became seriously ill due to her work in the factory. She had been feeling overworked because of the long hours and the increasing speed of the machines, and she developed a cough. Even though she transferred to a room at the factory where the "air was cleaner," she continued to get worse. She had to stay home from work and eventually was moved into the infirmary in the boarding house. However, when she coughed up blood, Mrs. Bedlow insisted that Betsy must go to the hospital.

When Lyddie visited her there, Betsy said, "You've got to get me out of here. ... They'll bleed me of every penny I've saved." This means that Betsy had to use her savings to pay for her stay in the hospital. She was not able to travel to her uncle's home in Maine because the doctor said she was not well enough to bear the journey. Eventually Betsy's uncle came for her, but by then all of her savings had been depleted to pay her doctor and hospital bills. Although Betsy said she would return so she could save the money she needed to go to Oberlin College, Lyddie knew she would never recover sufficiently to handle the harsh working conditions in the factories. 

Explain the concept of Animalism as it is depicted in the novel Animal Farm.

As mentioned in chapter two, the term Animalism is the name Snowball, Napoleon and Squealer had given to the lesson that Old Major had taught the animals when he spoke to them at their meeting in the big barn.

These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism.

In his address to the animals, Napoleon made it pertinently clear what values and codes of conduct they should adopt to avoid resembling their greatest enemy, man, as shown by the following extract from chapter one:

I merely repeat, remember always your duty of enmity towards Man and all his ways. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. And remember also that in fighting against Man, we must not come to resemble him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. No animal must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade. All the habits of Man are evil. And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. No animal must ever kill any other animal. All animals are equal.

After the animals' successful rebellion, what Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer then did was to further expand these basic ideas and develop a theory around them. The principles of Animalism were to be adopted and strictly adhered to by all. The concept, therefore, had theoretical and practical applications. The formulation of the seven commandments which were written on the barn wall after the Rebellion embodied the practical application of Animalism and would make it easier for the general animal public to understand. In all, the commandments stated:

1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
3. No animal shall wear clothes.
4. No animal shall sleep in a bed.
5. No animal shall drink alcohol.
6. No animal shall kill any other animal.
7. All animals are equal.

No mention, however, was made of what penalties would be incurred if an animal should disobey any of these prescripts. It was taken for granted that the animals would realize the value of these rules and would adhere to them out of respect for their fellow animals, Old Major's memory and, on the whole, that it was the right thing to do. They were, after all, comrades. This, unfortunately, turned out to be an oversight as later developments would prove.  

Since the pigs assumed leadership of the farm, they formulated plans and tasks to ensure prosperity. Their initial dedication was quite admirable for they, even though they did not perform any physical labor, did well in organizing things. They were the ones, however, who clearly disobeyed the principles of Animalism when they claimed certain privileges to the exclusion of all the other animals, the first of which was to take the milk and windfall apples for themselves - an obvious disregard of the rule: All animals are equal.   

Although some animals expressed displeasure at the pigs' disobedience, they were quickly appeased by Squealer's explanation and the threat that 'Jones would come back.' There was no punishment or sanction. It soon became easy for the pigs to fool the animals into believing that whenever they broke a commandment, that it had never been what they believed. They secretly altered sections of whichever commandment they broke, such as when they started sleeping in beds. The original commandment read: 'No animal shall sleep in a bed' which Squealer surreptitiously altered to: 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets.'  

Since the other animals lacked memory or intelligence to truly challenge the pigs, they were easily persuaded by Squealer's clever explanations. Thus began the pigs' wholesale adjustment of each commandment for their benefit. The other animals were gradually exploited more and more and were constantly hungry and tired whilst the pigs grew fat and sleek. 

In the end, the pigs, under the leadership of Napoleon, had established a dictatorship and their tyrannical rule put the other animals in an even worse position than they had been before the Rebellion. Animalism and its noble principles had been thrashed by the pigs and had been replaced by a supercilious, paradoxical and fatuous single commandment:

All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others.

Which people in Gulliver's Travels most often represent English political figures?

It is the Lilliputians who most often represent English political figures in Gulliver's Travels. 

With the Lilliputian rope dancers who vie for political office, winning a position based on whoever can jump the highest without falling rather than whoever is most qualified for office, Swift satirizes the English government and the manner in which government positions are filled. Further, the feud between the Tramecksans and the Slamecksans—those who wear high heels and low heels on their shoes—represent the animosity between the High Church Tory party and the Low Church Whig party, respectively. When Gulliver describes "his Imperial Highness, the Heir to the Crown" in Lilliput as having "some Tendency towards the High-heels," this royal represents the Prince of Wales, who many Tories—including Swift—hoped would, when he became King George II, show favor to their party.

Moreover, the drama between the Big-Endians and Little-Endians–who war over which side of the egg should be cracked—represents the terrible struggle that existed between Catholics and Protestants since Henry VIII created the Church of England, a struggle which was not only religious but political as well since the monarch was also considered to be the head of the Church of England. Swift seems to downplay the disagreement as something not worth fighting over, a matter of choice that has absolutely no effect on how others perform the same activity.

How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier at 2 m/s^2?

According to Newton's second law of motion, force applied is the product of mass and the acceleration of an object. In other words,

F = m x a

where, F is the force applied, m is the mass of the object and a is the acceleration of the object.

In this case, mass of the skier = 66 kg

and the required acceleration = 2 m/s^2.

We can calculate the required force using Newton's second law of motion as:

force needed = mass x acceleration 

= 66 kg x 2 m/s^2 = 132 N.

Thus, a force of 132 N is needed to accelerate a skier, having a mass of 66 kg, by 2 m/s^2.

Note that we can also use the same equation to determine the weight of the skier. In that case, the acceleration will be equal to the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s^2).

Hope this helps. 

What is the path of the nerve impulse that travels through your body from stimulus to response?

Sensory information is gathered by receptors throughout the human body.  Sensory receptors are stimulated by stimuli coming from the external environment as well as the environment inside of the body.  In this example, let's assume that touch is the stimulus.  

Pressure on receptors in the skin like Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles can deform the capsule covering the dendrites of the sensory neurons that they encapsulate.  This will open mechanically-gated channels within the dendrites of the sensory neurons and create a graded potential as sodium ions enter the neuron in that region.  If enough pressure is applied, enough channels will open and enough sodium will enter to bring the voltage difference across the neuron's membrane to the threshold (-55mV from the resting membrane potential of -70mV).  Because sodium ions are positively charged, when they enter the cell, the charge on the membrane becomes more positive.  This reaching of threshold allows an action potential to be sent through the sensory neuron.  This sensory neuron is the 1st order neuron in the pathway.

The 1st order sensory neuron or neurons will synapse with the second order neuron or neurons in the spinal cord or brain stem.  At this point, decussation or crossing over from the right side of the body to the left (or vice versa) will occur.  This is why it is said that the left side of the body is controlled by the right side of the brain (and vice versa).  This frequently occurs in the medulla oblongata.  

The 2nd order neuron then ascends to the thalamus of the brain and synapses with the third order neuron which carries an action potential to the primary somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum.

Integration and processing of the incoming sensory information occurs in the cortex and then motor information that is sent to the effectors (in this case skeletal muscles).  Assuming that a direct pathway is used, the upper motor neuron will originate in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum and if it is stimulated enough to reach threshold (this has to happen every time in order for a neuron to generate an action potential), then an action potential will be sent down toward the lower motor neuron.  The upper motor neuron typically synapses with the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord after decussation. The lower motor neuron then carries the action potential to the effector.  

In this case the effector is a skeletal muscle.  The action potential from the lower motor neuron will cause the release of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft between the neuron and the muscle fibers.  The acetylcholine will cause the opening of ligand-gated sodium channels at the motor end plate and this will eventually lead to contraction of the muscle.  This contraction could cause a person to move his or her arm in response to the touch (the original stimulus).

At the end of chapter 6 in Volume II, titled The Mother, Beauvoir describes a good mother as one who puts her child first. How do some of the...

You have asked for some examples of mothers who failed to put their children first and why. Beauvoir argues that to be a good mother and to genuinely put the needs of her child first, a woman needs to have an independent sense of her own self-worth. Not all mothers are good mothers as many use their children to fulfill their own needs. As Beauvoir explains:

Mystification begins when the religion of Motherhood proclaims that all mothers are exemplary. For maternal devotion can be experienced in perfect authenticity; but in fact, this is rarely the case. Ordinarily, maternity is a strange compromise of narcissism, altruism, dream, sincerity, bad faith, devotion, and cynicism. (632)

Some examples of mothers who fall short, a falling short that derives from the woman's sense of inferiority to men, are the following:

Beauvoir cites Violette LeDuc's In the Prison of Her Skin, in which a woman beats her daughter because she, the mother, was humiliated and angered when abandoned by her seducer.

Beauvoir cites psychologist Helene Deutsch's story of a woman, Mrs. Mazzetti, who, feeling thwarted herself, both pushed her children too hard and monitored her children too strictly, oscillating between love and hostility, until they all rebelled.

In a third instance, Beauvoir cites Freud as she describes the masochistic mother finding fulfillment through a son that she wants to be "hers." This leads her to encourage his dependence by encouraging him to be selfish, shy, sedentary and greedy. With a daughter, this type of mother will project all her doubts about her self-worth onto the girl under her control. Sometimes she will heap the worst chores on this child or strike her because of her own-self hatred and/or hatred and resentment of her husband.

In the end, a woman needs to feel autonomous and good about herself to be a good mother. It is unhealthy for children to be "the full horizon" of a woman's expectations: she needs a fulfilling life of her own, says Beauvoir.

What is the location of vacuoles in animal cells?

Vacuoles are organelles found in animal cells in the cytoplasm. They can be distinguished from those in plants cells by size. Plant vacuoles are generally centrally located and extremely large. Animal vacuoles are much smaller. Plant vacuoles can store water, maintain turgor pressure, and store harmful wastes away from the rest of the cell.

A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle consisting mainly of water and amino acids.

Vacuoles can be used as a place to temporarily store materials. Food vacuoles are common and can be involved in intracellular digestion and for storing and releasing waste products. 

Lysosomes in animal cells, which contain hydrolytic enzymes, are similar to the larger vacuoles seen in plant cells. From research, although vacuoles are more prominent in plants and fungi, it has been shown that vacuoles and lysosomes play a role in the development of the early embryo during differentiation of cell types. 

To conclude, vacuoles are organelles found in the cytoplasm. In animal cells, they along with lysosomes play a role in embryonic development as well as intracellular digestion.

I have included a link with a picture of a vacuole in an animal cell.

Prove that Cv=(dU/dT)v.

We want to prove that `C_v = ((dU)/(dT))_v` , an expression for heat capacity at constant volume.

Heat capacity is defined as the ratio of the amount of heat added into the system or released by the system resulting to an increase or decrease in temperature. In other words:

`C = Q/(\Delta T)` where Q is heat and T is temperature.

The first law of thermodynamics states that the internal energy is the sum of heat and work:

`dU = Q + W` .

From this, we can get an expression for Q:

`Q = dU - W` .

At constant volume, `\Delta V = 0` . That is, there is no expansion or compression. In thermodynamics, this means that `W = 0` .

Therefore, at constant volume, the heat capacity is:

`C_v = ((\Delta U)/(\Delta T))` .

However, we are concerned with really small changes, at a given condition (constant volume):

`C_v = ((\delta U)/(\delta T))_v` .

Note that subscripts in this case denote the condition that volume is constant.

What are the similarities between The Road by Cormac McCarthy and The Walking Dead?

Cormac McCarthy's The Road is a post-apocalyptic novel about a man and his young son traveling across a wasteland that was once America. The television show The Walking Dead shows the experiences of a family, primarily through the viewpoint of father Rick Grimes, trying to survive after the zombie apocalypse. The two are similar in setting, because they depict the U.S. depopulated after some kind of major, apocalyptic incident. Additionally, the bond between father and son is a major theme of both; the development of Rick's relationship with his son Carl and the bond between the unnamed father and son in The Road are crucial thematic elements of each work. Both fathers attempt to be brave for their sons in the face of an uncertain future, and both sons serve the role of reminding their fathers why they continue to fight for survival. An additional similarity can be drawn between the cannibals in The Road and the zombies; although there are no zombies in The Road, the looming threat of being killed and eaten is a real possibility for the father and son in the book.

What role did the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine play in the decision to go to war against Spain?

The explosion of the U.S.S. Maine was a major factor in our decision to go to war against Spain. There had been a growing discontent between the United States and Spain over the Spanish treatment of the people of Cuba. Our newspapers were reporting how poorly the Spanish were treating the Cubans. Americans, who had no viable way of verifying the newspaper reports, were outraged at the alleged mistreatment of the Cubans. When the Spanish ambassador to the United States privately criticized President McKinley in a letter that was intercepted and given to the press, more people became upset with Spain. Our relationship with Spain was deteriorating.

When the U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, the American people immediately blamed the Spanish. The growing public pressure to go to war against Spain was very significant, even though there was no definite evidence linking Spain to the explosion of this ship. Many years later, it was concluded that the Spanish didn’t destroy this ship. After Congress insisted that Spain must leave Cuba and gave the president the power to make this happen, the Spanish declared war on us, and we then declared war on Spain. Thus, the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine was a critical factor leading to the Spanish-American War.

In the Egypt Game, is the Professor a static or dynamic character?

A static character is a character who does not change significantly throughout the story. A dynamic character undergoes changes, exhibiting some sort of growth over the course of the story. In The Egypt Game, the Professor, or Dr. Huddleston, is a dynamic character.

At the beginning of the novel, the Professor is a taciturn, private man who seems uninterested in forming relationships. His lack of friendliness causes people in the neighborhood to distrust him. Children steer clear of his shop, and some residents have actually written letters and signed petitions to get him to move away, believing him to be involved with two unsolved murders of children that have occurred in the area.

Although readers do not see the transformation as it happens, the author gives slight clues. Readers know the Professor is watching the Egypt game through his window without letting anyone—except Marshall—know he is doing so. Readers are left to wonder whether his behavior is innocent or whether he poses a threat. When April gets attacked when trying to retrieve her math book from the Professor's storage yard, the Professor is the one who calls for help and ends up saving April.

When the Professor comes to April's apartment on Christmas Eve to meet with the children, he tells them his story about the loss of his wife and how he withdrew from people because of his pain. At the end of the book, he has hired Mrs. Chung to work for him, and plans to go on business trips to find interesting items to import for his store. He gives the children keys so they can continue to play in the storage yard. He becomes much more sociable and engaged with life, which shows he has changed. Because the Professor changes from a withdrawn, isolated man to a sociable and giving person, it is clear he is a dynamic character.

What are some symbols in Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451?

In Fahrenheit 451, the firefighters' hats are marked with "451," the temperature at which paper burns. (Though this may not be entirely scientifically accurate, it is stated as the temperature at which paper burns in the novel.) The captain of the firefighters, Beatty, wears a phoenix on his hat; the phoenix is a bird in Greek mythology that rises from the ashes in a form of rebirth. Another symbol used in the book is that of the salamander, which is the symbol of the firefighters. The salamander was thought in mythology to be able to survive fire. The first section of the book is called "The Hearth and the Salamander," as the hearth was formerly the traditional symbol of the home (a well-kept home was thought to always have a fireplace). Of course, in Montag's world, fire is used for destruction, not to add warmth to a home. 

In regards to George Orwell's 'Shooting an Elephant': In this essay the proportion of narrative to analysis is high. Note, in particular, how...

Orwell wants to draw the readers into this essay, and narrative or story telling is the way to do this (we all like a good story), so he begins with his narrator's first-person account. More particularly, his narrator, a police officer for the British Empire, starts with a memorable opening sentence, saying that in Burma "I was hated by large numbers of people--the only time in my life that I have been important enough for this to happen to me." We start in the middle of a larger story--the story of an ordinary man hated--and we are curious to hear the rest.

The narrator knows he despises and feels guilty about the abuses of the colonial system he is part of, and he recognizes that it brings out the evil in everyone, including himself, but as he puts it, "I could get nothing into perspective." It takes an event, his encounter with the elephant and the Burmese who expect him to shoot it (they have been disarmed by the empire), for him to finally be able to analyze what the colonial system has done to him and people like him. 

The advantage in putting his analysis towards into the middle of the story is that because we have been drawn into the narrator's world, we know how averse he is to shooting the elephant, and yet how trapped he feels in having to do so, especially after he finds the dead Burmese man. Thus, we better understand his analysis: 

And it was at this moment, as I stood there with the rifle in my hands, that I first grasped the hollowness, the futility of the white man's dominion in the East. Here was I, the white man with his gun, standing in front of the unarmed native crowd--seemingly the leading actor of the piece; but in reality I was only an absurd puppet pushed to and fro by the will of those yellow faces behind. I perceived in this moment that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. He becomes a sort of hollow, posing dummy, the conventionalized figure of a sahib. For it is the condition of his rule that he shall spend his life in trying to impress the "natives," and so in every crisis he has got to do what the "natives" expect of him. He wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it.

I personally believe this analysis is placed at the right moment in the essay to deliver the most punch, but ending with this could have left the reader with less of a sense of the essay simply petering out than the conclusion we have, though then we would have lost the impact of finishing on the word "fool." I don't think the analysis would have been effective at the beginning of the essay, but I suppose an argument could be made that doing so would have allowed the story to flow uninterrupted. 

Why does the speaker identify so intensely with the wind?

The speaker, who we can interpret as Shelley himself, wants to be like the west wind. He interprets the power of the wind as a metaphor for poetic inspiration and as a catalyst of social change. This idea of the wind inspiring and powering flight lends itself to ideas of being uplifted:

If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;
If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee...

He wants to be lifted to new poetic heights. And in terms of Shelley's ideas about social change, he wants to see a powerful movement. He hopes that his poetry, like the power of the west wind, might power a social change and/or movement.

The final stanza really sums up these ideas. He is literally saying to the wind, "be me." Just as the wind scatters leaves and seeds all over the world to go into the ground and be born again, Shelley wants his own poetry to be scattered all over the world in the hopes that his lines might grow, inspire, and uplift those who read them:

Be thou, Spirit fierce,
My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one! Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!
And, by the incantation of this verse, Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth
Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!

What are delusions?

Causes and Symptoms

Clinical delusion is defined as the presence of one or more nonbizarre false beliefs, persisting for a period of at least one month. To avoid confusion, delusions are not typically linked to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition. Whether a false belief can be classified as nonbizarre may be difficult to determine. Usually “nonbizarre” refers to situations that could occur in real life; “bizarre” refers to situations that could not occur in real life.

Life management with delusions varies. Some individuals may appear relatively unimpaired in their interpersonal and occupational roles. In others, life-management issues may be so severe that isolation and withdrawal are common results. In general, however, life-management functions are more likely to be adversely affected than cognitive or vocational activities.

Treatment and Therapy

Options for treatment and therapy vary depending on the severity of the delusions, the degrading effects on life-management issues, and the theoretical orientation of the mental-health professional consulted. A thorough evaluation should begin the process. Clinical interviews should be combined with appropriate psychological testing and corroborative data collection. Therapy may be in the form of pharmacological therapy or talk therapies, either in individual or group sessions, and may take place on an inpatient or outpatient basis. Delusions tend to wax and wane in intensity and degrees of severity. Maintaining good general physical health is an important part of managing delusions. Maintenance of neurochemical systems, especially neurotransmitters, with vitamin-B complex foods is an important consideration. Caregivers of persons suffering from delusions should avoid arguing with the patient about their deluded beliefs and should reassure the patient if he or she is scared.

Perspective and Prospects

Delusions in and of themselves may not prevent successful life-management functioning in most individuals. When the delusion represents a life-management issue as a result of a loss of contact with reality, intervention and treatment are in the patient’s best interest. Although popular media and common myths suggest otherwise, individuals with delusions are no more dangerous or aggressive than the general population. While they may be the targets of ridicule, challenge, and harassment, individuals with delusions may also reorient successfully with appropriate intervention.

Bibliography

"Alzheimer's Caregiving Tips: Hallucinations, Delusions, and Paranoia." National Institute on Aging. Natl. Insts. of Health, July 2012. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington: APA, 2013. Print.

Bortolotti, Lisa. Delusions and Other Irrational Beliefs. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010. Print.

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Torrey, E. Fuller. Surviving Schizophrenia: A Family Manual. 6th ed. New York: Harper, 2013. Print.

How can I write an essay in three paragraphs that describes and portrays Johnny Cade as being a hero in the novel The Outsiders?

I would begin your essay by describing the characteristics of a hero, and mentioning how those same traits are portrayed in the character of Johnny Cade from the novel The Outsiders. In the first paragraph, I would write about Johnny's troubled childhood and background, as well as comment on how he was viewed as everyone's younger brother in the gang. You could also mention Johnny's unique ability to listen and understand each person's struggles. I would suggest you connect his capacity to help others with a hero's goal to aid society.

In the following two paragraphs, I would discuss how Johnny specifically saves various people's lives throughout the novel. Begin by describing how Johnny saves Ponyboy's life by stabbing Bob Sheldon, which prevents Ponyboy from drowning. Then, discuss how Johnny plans on turning himself into the authorities. Johnny's selfless act and decision to do the right thing correlate with how a hero would make the morally conscious decision. I would then describe how Johnny courageously enters the burning church and saves the group children trapped inside. Also, comment on how the media portrays Johnny as a hero in the newspapers.

In the final paragraph, describe the scene where Johnny tells Dally that fighting is useless and says, "Stay gold, Ponyboy. Stay gold..." (Hinton 126). Also, include what Johnny says in the letter he writes to Pony found in Chapter 12. Johnny mentions that saving the children was worth it, describes what he meant by telling Ponyboy to stay gold, and also encourages Ponyboy to tell Dally to look at a sunset. Johnny's message to Ponyboy is his way of attempting to save Ponyboy from a meaningless existence. In his letter, he also ventures to save Dally's life by sharing the positive aspects of the world with him. Johnny's selfless personality and willingness to risk his life for others can be described as heroic.

On the basis of the works of Beowulf, Paradise Lost, Gulliver's Travels, and Heart of Darkness, what view does English literature offer on the...

English literature reflects the view that civilization has declined in its morality over the centuries, even as it's made progress technologically. In Beowulf (written down around 1000 CE), the noble Hrothgar and his well-kept and cheery hall are the only bright spots of civilization in a world that is menaced by monsters like Grendel and hemmed in by darkness. Only the mead-hall where Hrothgar and his community dwell is pleasant because it is a beacon of civilization; the rest of the world is dark and dismal.

Paradise Lost (published in 1667) explains the fall of man that forever tainted civilization. While Adam and Eve were born perfect in God's image, Satan in the form of a serpent duped Eve into tasting fruit from the tree of knowledge. While her hasty decision gave humans more knowledge and perhaps the means to construct a more advanced civilization, humans were forever corrupted. In this epic, civilization is linked to the downfall of man. Human advancement can only be seen as an extension of their corruption.

Gulliver's Travels, published in 1726, is a critique of civilization and its advancement of science. For example, on the island of Laputa, the people work to advance science but can't figure out how to do so with any effective results. They ridiculously devote themselves to experiments such as turning marble into pillows and other pointless efforts that poke fun at the use of science to better society. No matter where Gulliver travels, or what the society is like in that place, it is inherently foolish. Therefore, there is no form of society that is ideal.

Finally, in Heart of Darkness, civilization is totally corrupted. The ivory company that controls the Congo uses technology, such as steamships and guns, to slaughter the local people and extract ivory to make themselves rich. There is nothing redeeming or noble about their technological superiority over the local people. Conrad, who published this novella in 1899, suggests that civilization is bent on evil.

What are hematomas?

Causes and Symptoms

A hematoma is caused by blood leakage through the wall of an artery, capillary, or vein; subsequent pooling in surrounding tissue; and resultant coagulation in a semisolid mass. This leakage may occur spontaneously due to fragility of a vessel wall or due to an aneurysm. Leakage may also occur posttrauma due to events ranging from a violent sneeze to bodily injury. Symptoms usually consist of localized edema, inflammation, and pain.

A hematoma can occur anywhere along the circulatory system pathway and may be given a descriptive label indicative of its location. Superficial hematomas include aural, intramuscular, scalp, septal, subcutaneous, and subungual hematomas. An aural (ear) hematoma is a blood mass that accumulates between the ear cartilage and the periphondrium (connective tissue) as a result of blunt force trauma to the external ear. Symptoms include ecchymosis (discoloration to the area) and swelling. An intramuscular hematoma is a blood mass that accumulates within a muscle, often in the forearm or lower leg, as a result of blunt force trauma that leaves skin intact but damages muscle fibers and connective tissue. Symptoms include ecchymosis and swelling. A scalp hematoma is a blood mass that accumulates in the skin and muscle layer covering the skull as a result of head injury. Although not usually serious, it nonetheless could be indicative of bleeding within the skull. A septal hematoma is a blood mass that accumulates
in the nasal septum, usually in conjunction with a broken nose or injury to nearby soft tissue. Symptoms include nasal congestion, septal swelling, and resultant difficulty breathing. A subcutaneous hematoma is a blood mass that accumulates under the skin as a result of damage to superficial blood vessels. It occurs more frequently to those who take anticoagulants. Symptoms include ecchymosis and swelling. A subungual hematoma is a blood mass that accumulates under the nail plate of a finger or toe. Symptoms include pain due to pressure buildup in the nail bed.

Internal hematomas include cranial, fracture site, and intraabdominal hematomas. Cranial hematomas can be epidural, subdural, or intracerebral; all are potentially life threatening. An epidural hematoma (also called extradural hematoma) is a blood mass that accumulates in the epidural space (inside the skull but outside the dura mater, the membrane that covers the brain), often as a result of damage to the middle meningeal artery, located in the temple area, following skull fracture. Symptoms include asthenia (weakness), confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, severe headache, unmatched pupil size, and often intermittent loss of consciousness.

An acute, subacute, or chronic subdural hematoma
(also called subdural hemorrhage) is a blood mass that accumulates in the subdural space (inside the dura mater but outside the brain tissue) as a result of damage to cerebral veins, most often due to head injury. Symptoms in adults include asthenia, balance difficulties, confusion or lethargy, headache, nausea and vomiting, seizures, speech difficulties, and visual disturbances. Symptoms in infants include bulging fontanelles, high-pitched crying, increased head circumference, seizures, and vomiting. Symptom onset is more gradual than for epidural hematoma due to a slower leakage rate for venous blood compared to arterial blood and a larger space for blood to fill before pressure buildup is sufficient to affect brain function. For an acute-onset hematoma, which is associated with the highest rate of death or permanent injury, symptoms usually occur immediately after severe head injury. For a subacute-onset hematoma, symptoms may occur days or weeks after injury occurrence. For a chronic-onset hematoma, symptoms may occur weeks after a less severe head injury.

An intracerebral hematoma (also called intraparenchymal hematoma) is a blood mass that accumulates in the brain tissue as a result of aneurysm, anticoagulant use, arteriovenous malformation, autoimmune diseases, bleeding disorders, brain tumor, drug abuse (amphetamines, cocaine), encephalitis (central nervous system
infection), or uncontrolled chronic hypertension. It may be accompanied by shear injury—tearing of the axon portion of the cranial nerves located in the substantia alba (white matter of the brain)—resulting in severe brain damage due to loss of ability to transmit neural impulses from the brain to the body. A fracture site hematoma is a blood mass that accumulates near a fracture, especially that of the femur (thigh), humerus (upper arm), or pelvis, all of which can result in significant internal hemorrhage. An intraabdominal hematoma is a blood mass that accumulates somewhere within the abdomen—in any of the abdominal organs, in any abdominal component of the gastrointestinal tract, in the peritoneum, or in the retroperitoneal space.

Treatment and Therapy

Initial treatment of superficial hematomas consists of rest-ice-compression-elevation (RICE) of the affected area, if possible, as well as oral administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or other analgesics, if pain management is required.

For an aural hematoma, more aggressive treatment may be necessary due to the potential compromise of blood supply and subsequent cartilage atrophy resulting in a deformity of the pinna (outer ear) that is commonly known as cauliflower ear. Treatment consists of lancing and draining the hematoma followed by application of a compression bandage to enable reperfusion of the cartilage and to prevent hematoma reformation. This bandage is usually removed after three to seven days.

For intramuscular hematoma, more aggressive treatment may be necessary due to the potential compromise of blood supply and subsequent damage to the muscle, connective tissues, and nerves, a condition known as compartment syndrome. It most commonly occurs in muscles of the forearm and lower leg. Treatment consists of surgical intervention to drain the hematoma.

For septal hematoma, more aggressive treatment may be necessary due to the potential compromise of blood supply and subsequent cartilage atrophy resulting in perforation of the septum. Treatment consists of lancing and draining the hematoma followed by application of a gauze sponge or cotton ball in the nasal cavity.

For subungual hematoma, more aggressive treatment may be necessary to relieve pressure between the nail plate and the nail bed. Treatment consists of trephination (hole boring) of the nail plate and drainage of the hematoma.

Cranial hematomas (epidural, subdural, and intracerebral) are potentially life threatening and require immediate medical attention at the onset of signs or symptoms due to the risk of irreversible brain damage and possible death. Administration of anticonvulsant medication may be necessary to control or prevent seizures, and administration of corticosteroid medication may be necessary to reduce cerebral edema (brain swelling).

For epidural hematoma, diagnosis of increased intracranial pressure and location of hematoma are confirmed via computed tomography (CT) scan. Treatment consists of prompt surgical intervention to drain or remove the hematoma. For acute, subacute, and chronic subdural hematoma, diagnosis and location of the hematoma are confirmed via CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Increased risk factors include advanced age, alcohol abuse, and daily use of anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory medication, or aspirin. Treatment consists of prompt surgical intervention to drain or remove the hematoma.

For intracerebral hematoma, diagnosis of increased intracranial pressure and location of hematoma are confirmed via CT scan or MRI scan. Treatment may consist of surgical intervention to drain or remove the hematoma.

Perspective and Prospects

Although intrinsic factors—such as aneurysm, arteriovenous malformations, autoimmune diseases, bleeding disorders, brain tumor, encephalitis, or uncontrolled chronic hypertension—and extrinsic factors—such as anticoagulant use, alcohol abuse, or drug abuse (amphetamines, cocaine)—may increase the likelihood of hematoma formation, the most common cause is trauma. Minor traumas, ranging from a violent sneeze to a mild sports injury, as well as major traumas, including car accidents and severe falls, all have the potential to cause hematoma formation.

While the size, type, and severity of hematomas vary according to location and causality, a common complication is infection risk as a result of the colonization of bacteria in stagnant blood. Attenuation or avoidance of complications may be achieved by early diagnosis and, if warranted, prompt medical treatment.

As is the case with all undesirable medical conditions, prevention is preferable to treatment. Although trauma prevention may not always be possible, risk may be minimized via lifestyle choices and proper use of safety equipment.

Bibliography

Beers, M. H., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information. 2d ed. Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merck, 2003.

Bluestone, C. D., S. E. Stool, and C. M. Alper, et al. Pediatric Otolaryngology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders: 2002.

DeBerardino, Thomas, and Mark D. Miller. Blunt Trauma Injuries in the Athlete. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2013.

Hockberger, R. S., R. M. Walls, and J. A. Marx. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier, 2006.

Lawton, Michael T. Seven Aneurysms: Tenets and Techniques for Clipping. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, 2011.

Neff, Deanna M. "Subdural Hematoma." Health Library, November 26, 2012.

Raimondi, Anthony J., Maurice Choux, and Concezio Di Rocco. Head Injuries in the Newborn and Infant. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2013.

Salazar, Misael F. Garza, and Araceli Ruiz Mendoza. Hematomas: Types, Treatments and Health Risks. New York: Nova Biomedical Publishers, 2012.

In Of Mice and Men, is Curley's wife's death inevitable?

I would say that Curley's wife's death is inevitable in Of Mice and Men.

The way Steinbeck constructs the narratives of Lennie and Curley's wife establishes what takes place in the barn. Lennie had problems with his last job in Weed because he grabbed a girl's dress.  He has also shown a penchant to want to touch "soft" things that feel "nice" to pet.  Finally, Lennie had already seen Curley's wife and remarked that she was "purty."  

For her part, Curley's wife enjoys being the center of attention.  The ranch hands continually comment on how Curley's wife appears in the bunk house so that she can be noticed by the other men.  Candy says that she has "the eye" in the way she interacts with Slim and Carlson. When she is alone with Lennie in the barn, she recognizes that she has an "audience" that could listen to her story of wanting to be in "pitchers."  The combination of Lennie seeking something he sees to be soft and beautiful and her wish to be noticed by others makes their contact inevitable.

As has been the case throughout the narrative, anytime Lennie comes into contact with "soft" creatures, death is inevitable.  Mice and puppies perish under Lennie's touch. Even Curley's hand is destroyed when it comes into contact with Lennie.  The moment Curley's wife allows Lennie to stroke her hair, her doom is inevitable.  When she gets scared and tries to pull away, Lennie's grip tightens.  He breaks her neck as her screams intensify. 

There could have been circumstances that might have averted Curley's wife's death.  Had she not been in the barn alone with Lennie, she might have lived. If she was not so insistent on having an audience, there is a chance she could have avoided a dangerous situation.  However, Steinbeck shows that if we are not careful, our desires can lead to bad things.  Her desire to be noticed and Lennie's compulsion to touch define both of their personalities and set the stage for her death.

In "A Jury of Her Peers," what are the reasons Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters might feel solidarity with Minnie Wright even though neither of them were...

Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters end up protecting Minnie Wright by hiding the strangled canary, which could be used as key evidence against her in her murder trial. Although Mrs. Peters is the sheriff's wife and "married to the law," she comes to the same conclusion as Mrs. Hale, Mrs. Wright's neighbor. Each woman has her own reason for sympathizing with Mrs. Wright and ultimately acting on her behalf.

Mrs. Hale knew Mrs. Wright many years previous to the day of the story--when she was Minnie Foster. Mrs. Hale remembers Minnie as being a bright and cheerful woman before her marriage, one who enjoyed singing in the choir. When Mrs. Hale realizes how lonely Mrs. Wright was in her marriage to the taciturn John Wright, and realizes with regret that she never visited Minnie or befriended her, she feels somewhat responsible for what has happened. Putting two and two together, understanding that Mr. Wright must have wrung the bird's neck, it dawns on Mrs. Hale that Mr. Wright "killed" the music and joy in his wife by his harsh and abusive actions.

Mrs. Peters is particularly won over to Minnie's defense when she sees the dead canary. She remembers a time in her childhood when a boy killed tortured a pet cat of hers with a hatchet, and how she would have harmed the boy if she could have. She also remembers how silent her house was after the death of her oldest child and commiserates with Minnie having had to live in the quiet, joyless house, made all the more somber after Mr. Wright killed the singing bird. Thus even though neither woman was a friend of Mrs. Wright's, they feel solidarity with her, either because of regret or empathy.