Latin America is a big place, but it is correct to say that most Latin American countries won their independence by rebelling against Spain. Most South American countries became independent in a series of revolutions that began during the Napoleonic Wars (while Spain was occupied by France) and ended in the 1820s. These revolutions, dominated by "creoles," or people of Spanish ancestry born in the colonies, are usually associated with Simón Bólivar, the revolutionary leader who emerged as the leader of uprisings in most of South America. By the 1820s, Colombia, Venezuela, Paraguay, Ecuador, Uruguay, Argentina, Peru, and Chile had all gained their independence through a process of revolution against Spain and internal struggle. Brazil declared its independence from Portugal at about the same time, and Mexico, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua also became independent after a long revolution in 1821. Panama (with American backing—the United States wanted rights to the canal it planned to build) gained its independence from Colombia in 1903. So the independence movement in Latin America was complex, with some revolutions more violent than others, but by the 1820s most Latin American countries had used revolutions to become independent.
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