Sublimation is when a solid transitions into a gas, bypassing the liquid state. An example of this is when solid carbon sublimates into a gas as dry ice.
Decantation is when a mixture of liquids is allowed to separate, such that an element of the mixture may be removed. An example of decantation is when wine or beer is poured slowly to prevent sediments entering the glass with the alcohol.
Sedimentation is when particulates fall out of a mixture. An example is when you scoop up water from a lake or river, and over time a layer of dirt forms on the bottom.
Filtering is when a fluid is passed through a porous filter, picking out the solids in the fluid as it passes by. An example of this is when coffee is placed in a coffee filter, allowing water through but none of the grounds.
Sieving is similar to filtering, but is used to describe the filtering of large particles. An anthropologist would use a sieve to search for artifacts in a pan of dirt.
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