Edward Said's Orientalism is an examination of western representations of "eastern" cultures, and how the portrayal of Asian, North African, and Middle Eastern people in the West has been affected by the west's imperialist history. One criticism of Said's text is the use of colloquial language, promotion of personal politics, and accusations against the racism of specific individuals, rather than maintaining a scholarly, academic tone throughout. Some critics of the book, particularly Ibn Warraq in his text Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism argue that Said placed an excessive amount of blame on the West without giving credit for its virtues. Said's text argues that the East/West divide is ideological and serves the interest of the West; however, critics argue that Said's criticisms of the West serve to validate that binary and promote the ideology of incompatible differences between East and West. Finally, critics argued that Said's text failed to differentiate between different types of Orientalism, presenting western perceptions of the East as monolithic and failing to explore a variety of perspectives, or point out the difference between individuals making racist statements and large-scale colonialism. Said's book was central to the development of post-colonial studies as a discipline, but in the decades since its publication many have criticized its methods.
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