Explain the dramatic significance of the opening scene of Romeo and Juliet, Act 1, scene 1.

The first scene of the play is significant dramatically because it really establishes the the mood of the story.  The first thing the audience sees is a violent fight between members of the houses of Montague and Capulet, a fight that really takes place without provocation and will ultimately accomplish nothing.  This scene demonstrates how high the tensions between the families (and even their servants!) run as well as how ridiculous and baseless their hatred for one another really is. 

This scene also introduces us to both Tybalt and Benvolio.  Benvolio's line, "I do but keep the peace.  Put up thy sword, / Or manage it to part these men with me," shows us how peace-loving and reasonable and honest he is (1.1.69-70).  On the other hand, Tybalt's line, "I hate the word [peace] / As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee," acquaints us with how hateful and violent he is (1.1.71-72).  The introduction of these two characters adds some suspense to the tension of this scene, causing us to anticipate further violent interactions and to expect more bad behavior from Tybalt.

What are macronutrients?

Structure and Functions

Macronutrients are generally considered to include carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; these are dietary constituents consumed in the largest quantities. While water and oxygen are also needed in large amounts, they are not usually considered to be food. Although fiber ingested in substantial quantity is desirable for optimum health, it is, by definition, a non-nutritive dietary constituent. In addition, calcium, sodium and chloride (salt), magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and sulfur are sometimes added to the list of macronutrients because they are needed in large amounts compared to vitamins and other minerals; however, they are best referred to as macrominerals.

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins provide the energy (calories) needed for maintenance, growth, thermoregulation, and physical activity, as well as pregnancy and lactation. All three also provide for other needs: Carbohydrates are components of structural polysaccharides inside cells and on their surfaces; lipids are important in cellular membrane structure and function and as precursors of some hormones; and proteins are a source of amino acids needed for the synthesis of body proteins, nucleic acids, and other hormones. Lipids also facilitate the uptake of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. As sources of energy, all three macronutrients are virtually interchangeable, although the nitrogen of the amino acid constituents of proteins must be concomitantly disposed of, mostly in the form of urinary urea. The carbon in these substances is combusted with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, and during the process the metabolic energy and heat are generated that support living processes. Total dietary intake of
macronutrients (and hence energy) should be kept in balance with energy expenditure. Excess intake over expenditure will lead to overweight and eventually obesity, which is detrimental to health, as it is associated with some cancers, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic diseases. Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges in human diets have been set for carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to prevent frank deficiencies and minimize incidences of chronic diseases from overconsumption.

Dietary carbohydrates, primarily starches and sugars, are digested to monosaccharides (primarily glucose and fructose), and transported into the blood. Carbohydrate uptake in excess of that needed for immediate use is stored as glycogen, principally in liver and skeletal muscle, or is converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in adipose depots. Subsequently, glycogen can be broken down to glucose for use as a ready fuel source for the body. Humans do not have a dietary requirement for carbohydrates. However, a diet devoid of carbohydrates would have to compensate with much larger quantities of protein. Some amino acids can be converted to the glucose needed in the body by a process termed gluconeogenesis, whereas little of the fat content can be so converted. However, a high-protein diet would be ketotic, disrupting mineral balance. Because the brain and nervous tissue have a requirement for glucose, an acceptable macronutrient distribution range for carbohydrates has been set at 45 to 65
percent of the energy content of the diet. Furthermore, no more than 25 percent of the energy needs should be met with added sugar, which is metabolized rapidly and can thereby disrupt whole body metabolism. Added sugar is also associated with a lower intake of essential vitamins and minerals, as well as with a high risk of dental caries (cavities).

Dietary lipids, primarily triglycerides, are essentially digested to their constituent fatty acids for absorption and then are reconstituted to triglycerides in intestinal tissue. Because triglycerides are insoluble in water, they are transported in the body via a complex system of lipoproteins—chylomicra, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Their constituent fatty acids are used as fuel by various tissues, and any excess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue. Two fatty acids, linoleic and α-linolenic, termed essential fatty acids because they cannot be synthesized by the human body, are required in small quantities. Human diets should contain a minimum of 10 percent diversified lipids (linoleic is found in a variety of plant oils and α-linolenic in fish oil) to ensure that the requirement for these essential fatty acids is met. The acceptable macronutrient distribution range for lipids has been set at 20 to 35 percent of the energy content of
the diet for adults. Lipid intake should be slightly higher for infants and children because of the demands of growth.

Dietary proteins generally serve as energy sources once the need for their constituent amino acids as precursors of body protein has been met. Dietary proteins are digested to their constituent amino acids and absorbed across the intestinal tract into the blood, where they are taken up by various tissues for synthesis of body proteins, which are continually being broken down and resynthesized. Amino acids absorbed in excess of that need are used as fuel, either directly or after conversion to glucose by gluconeogenesis. Adult humans have a requirement for 0.8 grams (g) of well-balanced protein per kilogram (kg) of body weight each day; this corresponds to 56 g of protein per day for the average man and 46 g per day for the average woman. The acceptable macronutrient distribution range for proteins has been set at 10 to 35 percent of the energy content of the diet. Protein intake should be slightly lower for infants and children to compensate for the higher proportion of lipid intake and to minimize the need to dispose of excess nitrogen.

Disorders and Diseases

The main disorders associated with macronutrients result from their inadequate or excess consumption, namely starvation and obesity. The former is particularly problematic for infants and children because of their higher demands for growth and brain development; some early deficits lead to permanent impairment. Two general types of starvation are recognized; marasmus is due to a general deficiency of macronutrients, also referred to as protein-calorie malnutrition, whereas kwashiorkor is primarily attributed to a deficiency of dietary protein.

Anorexia nervosa (restricted intake) and bulimia nervosa (binge eating followed by purging, vomiting, or misuse of laxatives or diuretics) are two eating disorders with complex and variable etiologies that can lead to reduced macronutrient intake, starvation, and even death.

Ironically, calorie-restricted diets that reduce macronutrient intakes by 20 to 40 percent primarily from carbohydrate and lipids, while maintaining adequate intakes of protein and other nutrients, appear to be associated with increased longevity and decreased incidence of some cancers and other diseases of aging. However, few people are willing to restrict their intake voluntarily to such an extent and to live with a continuous feeling of hunger.

Obesity is a modern epidemic largely because of the ready availability and consumption of inexpensive food coupled with a sedentary lifestyle. While particularly a problem in Western societies, it is making inroads in the rest of the world. Obesity is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, some cancers, and type 2 diabetes. Excessive weight also puts added stress on knee and ankle joints. Obesity is, by definition, an energy imbalance, where energy intake (from macronutrients) exceeds energy expenditure, as from physical exercise. Obesity is a multifactorial disease, however, influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Some people appear to be more susceptible to weight gain, as genetic factors have an impact on appetite, endocrinology, metabolism, and activity. The environmental factors include access to palatable food and lack of exercise. While not a major contributor to the current epidemic, binge eating disorder can lead to obesity.

Perspective and Prospects

The ancient Greeks noted that a wide variety of foods were converted into the organs and tissues of people consuming them. They concluded that the differences between food and human protoplasm must be superficial and that they must be made from the same substance. They also assumed that the need for food after growth had ceased was caused by the wearing out of organs and tissues and the continuous need to replace them. In the late 1700s, Antoine Lavoisier demonstrated that carbon dioxide
expiration increased with exercise and that the oxidation of fats and carbohydrates accounted for most of the energy needed for animal heat production. In the nineteenth century, the need for nitrogen in the diet was demonstrated for dogs and by analogy for humans; proteins were first described as the main nitrogen-containing substances in food. Sophisticated calorimetry equipment large enough for humans to live in for several days made it possible to quantitate energy balance and, by 1900, permitted the conclusion that the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates could be used for mechanical work with similar efficiency. In that same period, dietary proteins were shown to be broken down to amino acids in the digestive tract, absorbed, and used to rebuild body protein.

Relative to macronutrient consumption, the dilemma of undernutrition and overnutrition in the world, often within a country and even within the same household, makes it difficult for nutritionists and public health professionals to tailor recommendations and to inform political decisions. The concept of an optimum intake of macronutrients, while easy to grasp, is difficult to enact. A further complication is the individual variation in metabolism and taste, even within the same culture. Cases have been confirmed where individuals with distinct genotypes respond differently, even oppositely, to the same macronutrient intervention. In the future, one can foresee personalized genomic-based nutrition advice.

Bibliography

Gibney, Michael J., et al. Clinical Nutrition. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Science, 2005.

Mahan, L. Kathleen, and Sylvia Escott-Stump. Krause’s Food, Nutrition, and Diet Therapy. 11th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2004.

Otten, Jennifer J., Jennifer Pitzi Hellwig, and Linda D. Meyers. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2006.

Shils, Maurice E., et al. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 10th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.

United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library. “Macronutrients.” USDA, July 12, 2013.

Webster-Gandy, Joan, Angela Madden, and Michelle Holdsworth. Oxford Handbook of Nutrition and Dietetics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Whitney, Eleanor Noss, and Sharon Rady Rolfes. Understanding Nutrition. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2011.

What are some archetypes/analogies in George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion?

An archetype is a pattern or type that occurs over and over again in literature. Shaw's Pygmalion derives from the Galatea story recounted in Ovid's Metamorphoses, and contains similar archetypes.

In Ovid's tale, the sculptor Pygmalion creates a beautiful statue of a woman. He falls in love with it and prays to Venus, the goddess of love, that it be turned into a woman. Venus grants his request and the statue becomes the human Galatea, who falls in love with her creator. 

In Shaw's play, the linguist Henry Higgins "sculpts" the lower class Eliza Doolittle into a lady, mostly by changing how she speaks, but also by teaching her the manners and bearing of an upper-class woman. He succeeds in passing her off to the highest echelons of society as a someone born to their class. 

Both tales use the archetype of the Creator: in Ovid, Pygmalion creates a statue that comes to life and in Shaw's play, Henry Higgins "creates" an upper-class woman out of the raw material of a flower seller. Both stories also represent the Transformation archetype, a common motif in literature. In both stories an important transformation takes place: a statue is transformed into a woman in one and in the other a lower class woman is transformed into a lady. 

Shaw used the Galatea story because it would provide a recognizable frame to audiences of his time period, but more importantly, to underscore how much Higgins thinks of Eliza not as a person but as a "thing" that he can mold at his will. She might as well be a statue to him. This can be seen throughout the play in his rude and dismissive treatment of her. Shaw also uses the Galatea analogy in order to disrupt it: Eliza's transformation into something "fully human" comes not when she becomes a lady, but when she is able to assert her own self-worth by standing up to Higgins. Rather than show the fully human, transformed Eliza falling in love with her creator, Shaw shows that when she comes into her humanity, Eliza walks away from Higgins. Shaw thus uses the archetypes he does to create a commentary about gender: a woman who becomes fully her own person is not necessarily going to fall into the arms of her creator, though in another ironic twist, Shaw shows that by becoming a lady, Eliza is left with little option (if she follows gender norms) but to find a husband--though it doesn't have to be Higgins. 

What are hyperthermia and hypothermia?

Causes and Symptoms

Body temperature reflects the level of heat energy in the body of an animal or human being. It is the consequence of the balance between the heat generated by metabolism and the body’s heat exchange with the surrounding environment (ambient temperature). Generally, animal life can be sustained in the temperature range of 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) to 45 degrees Celsius (113 degrees Fahrenheit), but appropriate processes can store animal tissues at much lower temperature. Homeotherms, such as birds and most mammals, have the ability to maintain their high body-core temperatures despite large variations in environmental temperatures. Poikilotherms have slow metabolic rates at rest and, as a result, have difficulty maintaining their inner core temperatures. This form of thermal regulation is called ectothermic (outer heated) and is directly affected by the uptake of heat from the environment; such organisms are often termed cold-blooded. Homeotherms are endothermic (inner heated) and depend largely on their fast and controlled rates of heat production; such organisms are termed warm-blooded. Thus, the lizard, an example of an ectotherm, maintains its body temperature by staying in or out of shade and by assuming a posture toward the sun that will maximize the adjustment for its body heat. At night, the lizard burrows, but its body temperature still drops considerably until the next morning, when it increases with the rising sun.

Body-core temperatures vary considerably among mammals and birds. For example, a sparrow’s inner core temperature is about 43.5 degrees Celsius (110.3 degrees Fahrenheit), a turkey’s is 41.2 degrees Celsius (106.2 degrees Fahrenheit), a cat’s is 36.4 degrees Celsius (97.5 degrees Fahrenheit), and an opossum’s is 34.7 degrees Celsius (94.5 degrees Fahrenheit). In humans, although the temperature of the inner organs varies by only 1 to 2 degrees Celsius (1.8 to 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), the skin temperature may vary 10 to 20 degrees Celsius (18 to 36 degrees Fahrenheit) below the core temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit), depending on the ambient temperature. This is possible because the cells of the skin, muscles, and blood vessels are not as sensitive as are those of the vital organs.

An elevation in core temperature of homeotherms above the normal range is called hyperthermia, while a corresponding decrease is called hypothermia. Both can be brought about by extremes in the environment, and an extreme in either condition is a medical emergency. Although the human body can withstand a lack of food for a number of weeks and the absence of water for several days, it cannot survive without thermoregulation, which is the maintaining of the inner core temperature. The core temperature has to be kept within strict limits; otherwise, the brain and heart will be compromised, and death will result. Clinically, the body’s core temperature can be monitored by recording the temperature of the rectum, the eardrum, the mouth, the temporal artery, or the esophagus. In elderly people, the body’s ability to cope with extreme temperatures may be impaired, so that exposure to even mildly cold temperatures may lead to accidental hypothermia that can be fatal if not detected and treated properly.

All animals produce heat by oxidation of substrates to carbon dioxide. On the average, about 75 percent of food energy is converted to heat during adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation and its transfer to the functional systems of the cells. In defense against heat, sweating is the primary physiological mechanism in mammals. Dogs, cats, and other furred carnivores increase evaporative heat loss by panting, while small rodents spread saliva. Human beings have two to three million glands that can produce a high volume of sweat for a short period of time.

Fever may occur for at least four main reasons. Infection by microorganisms is the most familiar because of its large variety of causes. An infection may be bacterial (as with septicemia and abscesses), viral (such as measles, mumps, or influenza), protozoal (such as malaria), or spirochetal (such as syphilis). Fever can also occur because of immunological conditions, such as a response to drug allergies or a reaction to a blood transfusion. Other causes are malignancy, such as Hodgkin disease and leukemia, and noninfectious inflammation, as seen in gout or thrombophlebitis.

Antipyretics are medicines whose consumption results in the lowering of fever. Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen are common over-the-counter fever-reducing medications. The mechanism of action of the nonnarcotic antipyretics remains a subject of research. Two hypotheses are considered as possible reasons for the suppression of fever. One hypothesis suggests that the drugs reset the temperature in the hypothalamus of the brain by potentially blocking certain brain chemical activity. The other postulates that a modification of the physiological membrane properties takes place, with subsequent incorporation of drug molecules into the tertiary structure of proteins.

Temperature regulation involves the hypothalamus of the brain and the spinal cord, which monitor the difference between the internal and peripheral (core and skin) temperature, with physiological and psychological adjustments to maintain a constant internal temperature. The brain records the various body temperatures via specialized nerve endings called thermoreceptors. Heat transfer occurs between the skin surface and the environment via radiation (which takes place when environmental temperature is lower than body temperature; 60 to 70 percent of body heat is lost through this method), conduction (which takes place by means of physical contact), convection (which occurs through the movement of air), or evaporation (perspiration or sweating).

During cold weather, hikers and climbers are particularly at risk for hypothermia; in extreme cases, body functions are depressed to the extent that victims may be mistaken for dead. Injuries that result from skin exposure to extreme cold are described as frostbite. Frostbite most commonly affects peripheral tissue such as the nose, ears, hands (especially the fingertips), and feet, turning the tissue first unusually red and then unnaturally white. Early symptoms include feelings of coldness, tingling, pain, and numbness. Frostbite takes place when ice crystals form in the skin and (in the most serious cases) in the tissue beneath the skin. If not treated, frostbite may lead to gangrene, the medical condition that results from necrosis (tissue death). The freezing-thawing process causes mechanical disruption (from ice), intracellular and extracellular biochemical changes, and the disruption of the blood corpuscles. Treatment for frostbite includes the removal of wet or restrictive clothing and jewelry. Warm water can be used on the affected body part to restore blood circulation, which will be painful for the victim. Extreme care should be taken when moving the body part with frostbite. The area should never be massaged, as the skin and tissues are very fragile and may be further damaged.

There are several types of hypothermia. Immersion hypothermia occurs when a person falls into cold water. Any movement of the body leads to loss of heat, and the drastic temperature change may trigger a heart attack. Divers are equipped with wet suits to minimize heat loss, but they cool themselves rapidly when they move in cold water and breathe dry air mixtures at the same time.

Submersion hypothermia is actual drowning in cold water. Often during drowning, the person experiences a spasm of the larynx or is able to hold his or her breath. However, the lack of oxygen forces the relaxation of these responses, and water is swallowed. The majority of this water goes into the stomach, but it only takes a very small amount of water in the lungs to cause enough oxygen deprivation to slow or even stop the heart. In cold water, the human body responds by lowering its metabolism, which can allow an individual (especially a child) to survive for a prolonged period without adequate oxygen before death occurs. The exact amount of time that a person can survive in cold-water conditions is unknown. Reports have demonstrated survival in cases of submersion for more than an hour. Unless the person shows evidence of decay, attempts should be made to rescue the individual and involve emergency medical personnel. When removing a victim from the water, care should be taken to remove the individual in a prone (facedown) position to avoid circulatory collapse from the sudden decrease in water pressure. This is a common cause of sudden death for a conscious individual who is rescued from the water.

Clinical reports also indicate hypothermia in alcohol-intoxicated individuals. Shivering is the brain’s hypothalamic response to hypothermia. The hypothalamus stimulates reflexes in the spinal cord that trigger a sequence of skeletal muscle contractions, which lead to an increase in body temperature. Other conditions that promote heat loss in an already-hypothermic person include tight and wet clothing, injury causing hemorrhage, fatigue, and even psychosis.

Treatment and Therapy

Nature protects poikilotherm vertebrates and invertebrates in winter by means of hibernation. Hibernation, which is a condition of dormancy and torpor, occurs when the body temperatures of such animals drop in response to a decrease in environmental temperatures. Animals such as bears, raccoons, badgers, and some birds become drowsy in winter because ambient temperature drops of a few degrees considerably decrease their metabolic rates and physiological functions. For example, the body temperature of a bear is 35.5 degrees Celsius (95.9 degrees Fahrenheit) at an air temperature of 4.4 degrees Celsius (39.9 degrees Fahrenheit) and only 31.2 degrees Celsius (88.1 degrees Fahrenheit) at an air temperature of –4 degrees Celsius (24.8 degrees Fahrenheit).

In humans, however, a significant decrease in body temperature is always a medical emergency requiring immediate attention. The treatment for mild cases of hypothermia may consist only of removing wet clothing before providing additional clothing or blankets. Movement of the victim must be minimized to avoid causing abnormal heart rhythms. Providing warm fluids and attempts at rewarming beyond those mentioned are not recommended for laypersons. Severe hypothermia requires hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU), where the body temperature is returned to normal by placing the patient under special heat-reflecting blankets; infusing warm intravenous (IV) fluids; irrigating the stomach, abdominal cavity, and bladder with warm fluids; or circulating the victim’s blood through a machine to warm it.

Hyperthermia can occur in response to illness (fever) or environmental conditions (heat exhaustion or heatstroke). Heatstroke, defined as a core temperature above 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit), is a medical emergency that occurs when the thermoregulatory system fails. The patient's body is unable to cool its elevated temperature through normal mechanisms of sweating. A sustained elevated temperature can cause seizures in young children and infants. Adults, especially the elderly, are prone to experience confusion. Treatment while waiting for the arrival of emergency medical services includes placing the victim in a cool environment, removing the victim’s clothing, and placing ice packs on the groin, neck, and underarm regions. Shivering should be avoided. Salt tablets or solutions should not be given by laypersons because of the risk of elevated sodium levels and the possibility of stomach upset.

Both hyperthermia and hypothermia have been used in medical treatments. Cancer treatment traditionally consists primarily of radiation therapy, surgery, and chemotherapy, but more recent experimental approaches for cancer treatment include immunotherapy and hyperthermia. Hyperthermia has been used with chemotherapy or radiation therapy to improve blood flow to the targeted cancer cells, increase the drug concentration inside those cells, and damage or kill them while preserving the healthy cells nearby. This preservation is attributed to the differences in the structure of cancer cells, which are effectively damaged by heat. Further studies are needed to determine the temperature that is needed to damage or kill the cancer cells without harming other cells. Most body tissues can withstand temperature up to 44 degrees Celsius for up to one hour, with the exception of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, which have been found to sustain irreversible damage at lower temperatures and shorter exposure time than other tissues.

Ultrasonic irradiation, which uses a thin, stainless-steel tube to induce hyperthermia, is regarded as a promising technique. The heat generated by the energy produced improves the local blood supply by dilating the blood vessels. This dilation, together with an acceleration of enzyme activity, helps cells obtain fresh nutrients and rid themselves of waste products. The other advantage of ultrasonic irradiation is the vibrations that it creates. In the case of a hardened and calcified brain tumor, for example, these vibrations can crush the tumor, which can then be removed via vacuum.

Induced hypothermia is selectively used in various heart and brain surgeries. The patient’s body temperature is lowered by the use of cooling blankets and other devices. The core temperature is monitored by bladder and rectal electronic devices. The hypothermia is considered neuroprotective. It is uncertain if the brain protection is from lowered oxygen metabolism or prevention of harmful chemical reactions. The goal of the majority of surgical procedures is to keep the patient’s temperature within the normal range. Hypothermia has been associated with increased blood loss, higher infection rates, and other poor outcomes in many surgical situations. Therapeutic hypothermia has also been used after cardiac arrest to preserve heart tissue by decreasing its oxygen demand.

Perspective and Prospects

Both hypothermia and hyperthermia have long had a commanding role in medicine. An Egyptian papyrus roll that can be dated back to 3000 BCE describes the treatment of a breast tumor with hyperthermia. Heat has been used as a therapeutic agent since the days of Hippocrates (c. 460–c. 370 BCE), who stated that a patient who could not be cured by heat was incurable. In the seventeenth century, the Japanese used hyperthermia to treat syphilis, arthritis, and gout, using hot water to increase the body temperature to about 39 degrees Celsius.

The medical use of hyperthermia owes much of its modern-era development to Georges Lakhovsky (1880–1942), a Russian Jew with a physics background who did most of his work in Paris, France. Although he is not generally given the credit for it, he was the first person to design and build a short-wave diathermy machine, which was first used to create artificial fever in 1923. Lakhovsky's work was done primarily on patients with malignant tumors at the Hospital de la Salpetriere and the Hospital Saint-Louis. The first machine that he developed used frequencies from 0.75 megahertz to 3,000 megahertz, a range very much in use in today’s clinical hyperthermia. In 1931, he started using a new machine that emitted radio waves of multiple wavelengths. He had partial success with his treatment, as reported to the Pasteur Institute and the French Academy of Sciences. Other scientists in this field include the German physicians W. Busch and P. Bruns, who applied it to erysipelas infection in 1886, and the Swedish gynecologist N. Westermark, who applied it with partial success to nonoperable carcinomas of the cervix uteri in 1898. The combination of hyperthermia and immunotherapy was first applied by William B. Coley, a New York surgeon who managed to cause complete regression of malignant melanoma in patients by inducing artificial fever created by inoculation of infected erysipelas cells.

The practice of hyperthermia in conjunction with chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery for the treatment of cancers is still in its infancy. Research has produced mixed results. Studies have shown that heat is able to kill cancer cells left behind following surgery, and it can kill those cells that tend to be radiation resistant. Unlike radiation, hyperthermia has no known cumulative toxicity. The challenge is to determine the effectiveness of hyperthermia alone compared to with other treatments, the amount of heat needed to kill cancer cells and preserve normal cells, and the proper hyperthermia techniques, such as ultrasound-induced hyperthermia.

The application of hyperthermia in cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has not yet provided decisively positive results. The process involves circulating the patient’s blood through a chamber heated to approximately 10 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the body temperature. Although the AIDS virus is killed, many of the patients’ other enzymes are found to lose their activity. Consequently, United States health officials have opposed and criticized blood-heating therapy for AIDS patients until more convincing results are produced.

The role of hyperthermia in treating metastatic cancer, in combination with radiation and drugs that sensitize cells to heat and radiation, is increasing. This technique has been made feasible by the technological advancements in deep-heating machines, such as the Magnetrode and the BSD annular phased array, which allow the sequential regional hyperthermia of large body regions such as the thorax and the abdomen. The challenge is to prevent heatstroke during the procedure.

Induced-hypothermia brain surgery protects brain tissue. In stroke patients, a temperature elevation of 1 degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) can increase the size of the damaged tissue by as much as 50 percent.

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What are the colors mentioned in "Games at Twilight" by Anita Desai? What do they describe?

The color red is mentioned in the story's opening paragraph.  It is being used to describe the children's faces.  The first sentence of the story tells readers that the day has been really hot.  It's been too hot to play outside, so the children have been cooped up inside all day.  They are straining with effort to get outside.  Their effort, combined with the heat, gives them red faces.  Red is also used to describe the color of the gravel rocks that mark the garden paths.  

White is mentioned a few paragraphs later.  It is used to describe the walls of the veranda as they shine in the bright sunlight.  

Purple and magenta are the two colors that are named to describe the bougainvillea plant and the color of the shade that it casts.  

White and purple are used to describe the eyes and eye sockets of the dog.  

White is again used to describe the color of the sky.  I'm not sure what that actually looks like, but that is what the story says.  

Then, perhaps roused by the shrieks of the children, a band of parrots suddenly fell out of the eucalyptus tree, tumbled frantically in the still, sizzling air, then sorted themselves out into battle formation and streaked away across the white sky.

Some of the kids are wearing white shorts with red sandals. 

The shed that Ravi hides in has a big green door. 

Yellow is used to describe the condition of the grass and the pollen in the air. 

A runner hopes to complete the 10,000 m run in less than 30.0 min. After exactly 27.0 min, there are still 1100 m to go. The runner must then...

There are two parts to the problem: the runner will accelerate for a time duration and then will run at a constant rate, in order to get to the target in 30 minutes. 

Assuming that the runner ran at a uniform speed for first 27 minutes, his speed is calculated as:

Speed for 27 minutes = distance / time = (10000 - 1100) m / (27 x 60) s = 5.494 m/s.

Thus, u = 5.494 m/s

acceleration, a = 0.2 m/s^2

If he accelerates for t seconds, then v = u + at = 5.494 + 0.2 x t m/s

Now, the remaining 1100 m is ran in two stretches: accelerating stretch and constant speed stretch, both combined for the remaining 3 minutes (= 180 seconds)

The distance covered in accelerating stretch is equal to ut + 1/2 at^2 m

distance ran during constant speed stretch is equal to v x (180 - t) m

Thus, ut + 1/2 at^2 + v x (180 - t) = 1100 

substituting, v = u + at and also the values of u and a and solving the equation, we get:

t = 3.1125 s or 356.8875 s

Since, an answer greater than 180 s is not possible, the time is approximately 3.1 s.

Thus, the runner needs to accelerate for about 3.1 s and then run at a constant speed to get to the target in desired time frame.

Hope this helps. 

How is the theme of glory portrayed in Julius Caesar?

In ancient Rome, ambition was the pursuit of glory and honor. The primary way to achieve these traits was through military leadership in conquest. In fact, failure to achieve glory usually resulted in the honorable path of suicide.

Julius Caesar achieved glory through his military conquests of Gaul (modern France). He expanded Roman control beyond present-day Italy to the rest of Europe. Often, defeated enemies were brought back to Rome and paraded through the streets in what was termed a “triumph,” a parade of victory for the glory of the victor. Because Julius Caesar was the sole leader left of the First Triumvirate, he was the focus of much attention. This disturbed the Senate, who feared a military conquest of Rome. Dictatorships were a common practice, but they were temporary, lasting only six months. They were afraid that Julius Caesar was ambitious in the worst sense, feeding off the adulation of the public and making himself the sole emperor of Rome. Therefore, Brutus and Cassius believed their path to glory and honor was the assassination of Caesar, thus saving Rome from the dissolution of the Republic. Their actions, however, paved the way for Octavius to establish himself as Caesar Augustus, the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which would last another five hundred years.