What was the next trial that Tom was waiting for after his first trial?

In Chapter 23, Atticus is having a discussion with his son about Tom Robinson's trial and mentions that he thinks Tom has a better chance when at a higher court. Tom's upcoming trial is known as an appeal which is when an appellate court reviews the trial court's decision  to look for errors in legal procedure. Tom Robinson is sent the Enfield Prison Farm in Chester County while he waits for the appeal process to begin. Unfortunately, Tom never gets a chance to appeal his conviction because he is shot dead after he attempts to escape from the prison. In Chapter 24, Atticus receives the news that Tom Robinson is dead and mentions to Alexandra that he could not tell Tom in full confidence that he had a better chance during his appeal. Atticus goes on to comment that he believed Tom Robinson was "tired of white men's chances and preferred to take his own" (Lee 143).

Are the female characters in King Lear not realistically portrayed women but, instead, caricatures of good and evil?

While one hesitates to call any Shakespeare character a "caricature," this is an interesting question to consider. I would never call Cordelia a caricature, as she is a fully developed character, but I can see elements of caricature in Goneril and Regan, the evil sisters. They are not simply caricatures, but they come closer to that role than Cordelia.

At the beginning of the play, Shakespeare makes clear that Cordelia's frustration with her sisters' over-the-top flattery of their father leads her to moderate her own comments to him. When asked to declare her love for her father, Cordelia responds genuinely, telling her father she loves him but feeling it would make her dirty to use the false flattery her sisters use. Cordelia is so disgusted with her sisters that she refuses to mimic their behavior, a very human response.

In contrast, we don't get much psychological explanation as to why Goneril and Regan behave as they do. We tend to group them together as an undifferentiated twosome (look at online character analyses of the two and you find them yoked: Goneril-and-Regan), which suggests they are less than fully-developed characters.

At least initially, however, there's some psychological justification for Goneril and Regan's desire to curtail Lear, repulsed as we may be by how stunningly quickly they, especially Goneril, turn from words of utter devotion to rude cruelty that seems unnecessarily harsh and humiliating. In the sisters' defense, Lear does behave erratically and with poor judgment in banning Cordelia and Kent from the kingdom. He does come across as capricious and possibly senile. His truth-telling Fool even tells him he is behaving foolishly.

When Goneril and Regan lock their father out of the castle in Act II, scene 2, they have adopted a level of cruelty that does arguably border on caricature because it is not justified by what Lear has done. If we put this play together with Macbeth as joint commentaries on women behaving with ruthless cruelty to achieve their aims, you could argue that it is cruel behavior itself that becomes a crude caricature of wise power and that Shakespeare wants his audiences to see it that way.

How do you find the current and voltage in the circuit shown on the attached image?

This problem involves the current and voltage distribution in parallel and series circuits, as well as the equivalent resistance of these circuits.

Notice that in the circuit on the attached image, the 30 ` ` and `6 Omega` resistors are connected in parallel, and the `15 Omega` resistor is connected to them in series. We can calculate the equivalent resistance of this network:

The equivalent resistance of the resistors `R_1` and `R_2` is determined by the formula

`1/R = 1/R_1 + 1/R_2`

so the equivalent resistance of `30 Omega` and `6 Omega` resistors will be the reciprocal of

`1/30 + 1/6 = 6/30 = 1/5` , or `5 Omega` .

Since the `15 Omega` resistor is connected in series, the equivalent resistance of the whole circuit will be the sum of `15 Omega` and `5 Omega` : 15 + 5 = 20 `Omega` .

Now that we know the resistance of the circuit, we can calculate the current in this circuit, supplied by the 120 V battery:

`I = 120/20 = 6 A` .

This current I will flow through the battery, as well as through the 15 `Omega` resistor. The voltage drop on this resistor is determined by the Ohm's Law:

`V = 6A * 15 Omega = 90 V` .

The voltage drop on the `30 Omega` and  `6 Omega` resistors is the same (because they are connected in parallel) and equal to the remaining voltage: 120 V - 90 V = 30V.

The total current I = 6 A splits among these two resistors in a way such that the current is inversely proportional to the resistance (this, again, follows from the Ohm's Law and the fact that the voltage is the same.) So, since one resistance is 5 times greater than the other, the current through `30 Omega` resistor is 5 times less than the current through `6 Omega` resistor. Since the total current is 6 A, the former current is 1 A and the latter current is 5 A.

To summarize,

for `15 Omega ` resistor, I = 6A and V = 90V;

for `30 Omega` resistor, I = 1A and V = 30V;

for `6 Omega` resistor, I = 5A and V = 30V.

What is the process of fertilization in seed plants?

There are two groups of seeded plants, the gymnosperms and the angiosperms.  Gymnosperms produce "naked" seeds and include the pines.  Angiosperms are the flowering plants.  I will explain the process of fertilization in the angiosperms.

The life cycle begins with the zygote or fertilized egg.  The cells of the zygote divide by mitosis to produce the embryo.  The embryo (and the zygote from which it originated) are located within the seed.  When conditions are appropriate, the seed germinates to produce the sporophyte plant.  The flowers of the sporophyte plant may produce both an ovary (female) and anthers (male).  The ovary contains ovules.  Each ovule contains a diploid megaspore mother cell with divides by meiosis to produce haploid megaspores.  These megaspores divide by mitosis (3 times) to produce the egg and polar nuclei.

Within the the anthers there are initially microspore mothercells (diploid) which divide by meiosis to form the microspores which become the pollen grains (male gametophytes).  These pollen grains can be dispersed by wind, insects, animals, etc. and eventually land on the stigma of another flower (typically on another plant).  The pollen germinates to produce a pollen tube which grows down the style within the flower and leads to an ovule.  The pollen divides to form 2 sperm nuclei which make their way down to the ovule through the pollen tube.  One of the sperm nuclei fuses with the egg to form a new zygote and the other fertilizes the 2 polar nuclei to form the endosperm (provides nutrition for the embryo later on).  This process is known as double fertilization and is unique to angiosperms.  

To what extent is Macbeth evil?

Near the end of the play, Macbeth becomes a ruthless tyrant after murdering Duncan and ordering the murders of Banquo and Macduff's family. By that point, he is evil. Shakespeare's main characters are never one-dimensional, though, and the Macbeth who appears at the beginning of the play seems a fundamentally honorable and loyal man. He fights heroically to defend King Duncan against a rebellion, and his "black and deep desires" only take hold after his encounter with the witches. Even then, his wife has to goad him into murdering Duncan, challenging his manhood and his courage in order to help him overcome what she calls the "milk of human kindness." Killing Duncan fundamentally changes Macbeth, however. Having seized the throne, he feels compelled to commit more murders to consolidate his power. He has Banquo murdered because he sees him as a threat because of the witches' prophecy that he will "get kings." He has Macduff's family murdered because he fears his power. Macbeth becomes corrupted by power and commits one horrific deed after another. By the time of his climactic battle with Macduff, he is a bloody, murderous tyrant, consumed by evil. Macbeth is not as much about an inherently evil man as it is about a man who becomes consumed by the corrupting nature of power and is manipulated by evil forces.

How does alcoholism affect parenting?

Alcoholism and the Parental Role

Every alcoholic has a direct effect on several people, the majority of whom will be spouses, children, and parents. Although disagreement exists on a definition for
alcoholism
, there is general agreement that the term must be understood in context. As such, the most immediate and basic context is that of the family.

According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, an average of 7.5 million children under the age of eighteen years were living in households with an alcoholic parent or parents by 2012. When a parent is an alcoholic, the result is often destructive, evidenced by higher rates of domestic violence, child neglect, health problems, and alcohol-related death. Families with an alcoholic parent are more likely to experience conflict and to face financial challenges.

Many persons, however, have coped effectively with the trauma of growing up with an alcoholic parent and have become competent adults. Longitudinal studies have noted that such persons relied on significantly more sources of support in their childhood and youth than was true of children of alcoholics who demonstrated coping problems. This notes the importance of environmental and individual resilience factors that can assist in both prevention and adaptation.

Many substance abuse therapists and organizations accept the premise that a biological vulnerability exists for alcoholism. Others disagree with the importance given to the genetic influence and prefer to focus on individual behaviors and environmental influences. Research has illustrated the importance of the home atmosphere; for example, families who ate dinner together (even families with one alcoholic parent) were less likely to pass alcoholism from parent to child. The sense of structure and of being cared for was assumed to be a contributing factor. In another longitudinal study, mothers who were warm and supportive were less likely to have children who grow up to become alcoholics.

Parents Who Abuse Alcohol

Over time, parental patterns of behavior and communication are affected as a result of alcohol abuse, and these patterns often keep families from dealing with general parental and child problems because alcoholic behavior becomes the primary focus. In the recovery process, a parent becoming sober is a necessary but insufficient goal. Also needing to be addressed are the distorted behavioral and communication patterns that have developed in the family. Treatment is essential if the abstinence is to be maintained.

Research shows a link between substance abuse and child maltreatment. In effect, children of alcoholics are more likely to have behavioral problems and conduct disorders, and to report higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress.

Alcoholism in the family is not just about one person affecting others. All family members and persons in close relationship with the alcoholic are affected. Possibly the ones most vulnerable are younger children, because of their small physical size and their dependent status. How effectively a family with an alcoholic will function depends on the degree to which that family provides for the physical, social, emotional, and psychological well-being of family members.

When a parent is an alcoholic, the family system becomes organized around the alcohol abuse. Therefore, an effective recovery process requires change in the system itself, referred to as second-order change in family therapy, so that the family can develop patterns based on strengths, resiliency, and coping mechanisms.

Intervention

Fifteen years after Bill Wilson founded Alcoholics Anonymous, his wife, Lois Wilson, founded Al-Anon to help family and friends recover from the effects of someone else’s drinking. The preamble for Al-Anon Family Groups, as the organization is known officially, states that alcoholism is a family illness and that recovery is assisted by changed attitudes. Other organizations and approaches may state their purpose somewhat differently, but they all generally agree that the entire family benefits from inclusion in the recovery process.

The focus on adult children of alcoholics started as a grassroots movement, initiated primarily by those who had experienced living with one or more family members who abused alcohol. Their desire to receive assistance for themselves was often overlooked by helping professionals who concentrated on the alcoholic.

Although family therapy as a form of treatment has not been commonly utilized for families of alcoholics, related intervention programs have shown effectiveness in the treatment of families affected by alcohol abuse. One approach in particular, multidimensional family therapy (MDFT), has combined resources to treat issues related both to substance abuse and to conduct disorders. The effectiveness of this therapeutic model lies in its careful design, which considers the chemical-dependent issue as being both family-based and multisystemic.

Parenting Children Who Abuse Alcohol

Viewed from the parental role, concern over a child’s alcohol abuse usually begins with adolescents and includes early adult years, especially the time when children are in college. In most family settings, the parental role will be more hands-on with adolescents and more distant with college students. Over the years, studies have been conducted to determine whether parenting styles have a direct effect on whether children become alcohol or other substance abusers as adults. The increasing number of young adults who return home after leaving the home for the first time also increases the likelihood that parents will extend their time of direct involvement. In such cases, the parent and the returning young adult may disagree over what constitutes alcohol abuse.

By the time young adults who drink alcohol reach their late twenties, many will have reduced their use of alcohol, often without clinical help or focused dialogue with their parents. These adult children often do not abstain from alcohol entirely but are not likely to abuse alcohol. Those who do not emerge from this phase of alcohol use are more likely to be at serious risk because they have family members who are or who have been addicted to some substance, including alcohol.

Intervention Strategies for Parents

Parents should learn how to detect a true alcohol abuse problem with their teens and young adult children. The American Psychiatric Association’s fourth edition of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
distinguished between alcoholic behaviors as abuse disorders and the more severe diagnosis, dependence disorders. However, in the DSM-5, published in 2013, these two disorders were combined as a single disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Research shows that some types of treatment for alcohol abuse by adolescents and young adults are more effective than others. Intervention strategies identified as more effective are those that provide motivation, tools, and support to produce change. Effective treatments draw upon strengths, motivation, and existing support networks. Young people possess many assets that assist them in making the necessary changes. By recognizing and using the resources available, changes are more likely. A parent is a primary resource.

Two treatment strategies that are effective with young people are MDFT and motivational interviewing (MI). The MDFT model considers multiple areas of an adolescent’s life, including emotional and cognitive functioning and family and peer relationships. A carefully designed, family-based model will focus on the adolescent’s particular developmental stages and his or her position within the family system.

MI is designed for therapy in general but has been especially effective for working with adolescents who abuse alcohol. MI is based on the premise that motivation to change should be elicited from the patient-client. Although MI does seek to “confront” clients with the reality of alcoholism, the technique differs substantially from more aggressive styles of confrontation over abusive behaviors.

Bibliography

Brown, Stephanie, and Virginia Lewis. The Alcoholic Family in Recovery: A Developmental Model. New York: Guilford, 1999. Print.

Jay, Jeff, and Debra Jay. Love First. 2nd ed. Center City: Hazelden, 2008. Print.

Miller, W. R., and S. Rollnick, eds. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford, 2002. Print.

Peele, Stanton. Addiction-Proof Your Child. New York: Three Rivers, 2007. Print.

Tirumala, Shreyas. "Parenting Style Linked to Alcohol Use." Yale Daily News. Yale Daily News, 14 Oct. 2015. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.

find dy/dx when y=(logx)logx``

You need to differentiate the function with respect to x, using product rule such that:

`(dy)/(dx) = (d(logx))/(dx)*log x + log x*(d(log x))/(dx)`

`(dy)/(dx) = (1/(x*ln 10))*log x + log x*(1/(x*ln 10))`

`(dy)/(dx) = (2log x)/(x*ln 10)`

`(dy)/(dx) = (2/(ln 10))*((log x)/x)`

Hence, differentiating the given function yields `(dy)/(dx) = (2/(ln 10))*((log x)/x).`

***This is assuming you are using the base 10 log***

If you are using the natural log, ln(x), then your answer would be 

`(dy)/(dx) = (2/x)*(ln(x))`