Why does Sugar, from Walk Two Moons, decide to take a trip to Idaho?

Because Walk Two Moons is written from Sal's perspective, we only have what Sal knows to go off of, so it's impossible to know the exact reason why Sal's mother, Chanhassen or Sugar, decided to take her trip to Idaho. However, we can piece together a pretty good idea from Sal's memories and observations of Sugar. 

Before she leaves, Sugar tells her family that she needs to leave to "clear her head and to clear her heart of all the bad things" and to "learn about what she was." She tells her family that this is something she has to do on her own. She specifically chooses to go to Idaho because she has a cousin there who she hasn't seen in 15 years. Sugar thinks that since her cousin only knows her from the past, her cousin will be able to tell her what she's really like, and who Chanhassen truly is, aside from being a mother and wife. 

Those are the reasons that are clearly stated for Sugar's trip in Walk Two Moons, but there are other factors that play into the story as well. We find out that Sugar wanted to fill their home with children and also that she lost a pregnancy and had to undergo a hysterectomy, which Sal blames herself for. Losing a child is always a tragedy and for someone who wanted a large family, the hysterectomy at the same time is an added blow. This, combined with Sal's memories of her mother wandering the fields, her distraction, and her decision to cut her hair out of the blue are clues to Sugar's depression. 

Something that is repeated throughout the book is Sugar feeling that she's not good compared to the Hiddles. She tells Sal's father before she leaves that she feels "rotten in comparison." Sal says that it seems like Sugar wishes her husband were meaner and less good. Sometimes when people are depressed, they don't feel that they deserve kindness. In Sugar's case, her husband's kindness and "goodness" serve as a constant reminder that she isn't good and she can no longer provide the large family they dreamed of. All of this factors into the reason why Sugar feels the need to get away and clear her head on her trip to Idaho. 

In The Giver by Lois Lowry, what does the unscheduled holiday mean to everyone?

In Chapter 17 of The Giver, an unscheduled holiday is declared over the wall speaker in Jonas's home. Everyone looks at each other with surprise because unscheduled holidays almost never occur. Everyone in the community reacts with joy because not only are kids allowed to stay home from school, but adults are also not required to go to work. Children don't even have to fulfill service hours on unscheduled holidays. In an effort to continue mandatory services as needed on those days, though, substitute laborers take the place of those on holiday. The substitute laborers are given a different day for a holiday instead. The services that need to be kept up during an unscheduled holiday are the following: ". . . nurturing, food delivery, and care of the Old" (130). Consequently, Jonas goes outside to meet up with his friends and finds them playing a game of war.

How many moles of CO2 will be produced from the complete reaction of 5.59 moles of C4H10? 2 C4H10 + 13 O2 → 8 CO2 + 10 H2O

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

`2C_4H_10 + 13O_2 -> 8CO_2 + 10H_2O`

In this reaction, butane undergoes combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water. 

Using stoichiometry, we can see that 2 moles of butane react with 13 moles of oxygen to form 8 moles of carbon dioxide and 10 moles of water.

Since 2 moles of butane form 8 moles of carbon dioxide,

1 mole of butane will form 4 moles (= 8/2 moles) of carbon dioxide

and 5.59 moles of butane will form 4 x 5.59 moles = 22.36 moles of carbon dioxide.

Since the molar mass of carbon dioxide is 44 g/mole, this translates to 938.84 g (= 22.36 moles x 44 g/mole) of carbon dioxide.

Along with 22.36 moles of carbon dioxide, 27.95 moles (= 10/2 x 5.59 moles) of water are also formed.

Hope this helps. 

If you are holding two balloons close to each other and they move away from each other quickly when you let go of them, what can you say about the...

There are two kinds of electrical charges--positive and negative. Two objects with different electrical charges (one positive and one negative) will attract each other. Two objects with the same electrical charge (both positive or both negative) will repel each other. It sounds like the two balloons in this experiment have the same charge, because they are moving away from each other. To determine whether they both have a positive or negative charge is a different matter.

This webpage might be helpful for you to have a look at, as it offers more in-depth explanations of how electrical charges work to attract and repel. You could also try this experiment at home. Try blowing up two balloons and rubbing them on your hair to give them a charge. Then, place them next to one another--do they attract or repel?

It might be helpful to keep this phrase in mind when talking about electrical charges--opposites attract and likes repel. The same rule applies to magnets, though this is a magnetic charge and the two variants are the north and south orientations. 

In Dickens' David Copperfield, what does Peggotty tell David about Yarmouth?

Peggotty told David that he was going to see her family in Yarmouth and it would be fun, and nothing about his mother's wedding.

Peggotty did not tell David that his mother was getting married; she just told him that it would be fun to visit Yarmouth with him.  Yarmouth was where Peggotty’s family was.  David’s mother wanted Peggotty to take him there so that she could be alone with her new husband, Mr. Murdstone, for a while. 

'Master Davy, how should you like to go along with me and spend a fortnight at my brother's at Yarmouth? Wouldn't that be a treat? … Oh, what an agreeable man he is!' cried Peggotty, holding up her hands. 'Then there's the sea; and the boats and ships; and the fishermen; and the beach; and Am to play with—' (Ch. 2) 

David thinks this sounds good, but he worries about his mother.  Peggotty tells him that his mother has the neighbor and plenty of company.  David doesn’t know what she means, and off they go to visit Peggotty’s colorful family.  This includes Daniel Peggotty, Ham, and little Em’ly, as well as the grumpy Mrs. Gummidge. 

When David returns from this fun little trip, he finds his mother married to the tyrannical Mr. Murdstone.  Murdstone is very controlling, and David’s weakling of a mother cannot stand up to him or his overbearing mother.  Murdstone is soon abusive to David as well. 

‘David,' he said, making his lips thin, by pressing them together, 'if I have an obstinate horse or dog to deal with, what do you think I do?'

'I don't know.'

'I beat him.'

…

'I make him wince, and smart. I say to myself, "I'll conquer that fellow"; and if it were to cost him all the blood he had, I should do it. …’ (Ch. 4)

After beating David, Mr. Murdstone sends him off to a school where they abuse and neglect the boys.  David's mother does not fair much better, and she eventually dies.  Murdstone sends David to work in one of his factories.

What is the adverb in the following sentence? "Soon it will be getting dark."

(An adverb modifies a verb, (answering how, why, when, etc.)  Here, the verb is “will be getting” (properly, a verb plus auxiliaries).  The word “Soon” modifies the verb by answering the question “When will it be getting dark?” It will be getting dark soon.  Therefore the adverb in this sentence is “soon.”  It may be a little confusing because the adverb usually follows the verb, as in “the bus is coming soon.”  Also, the verb here is a future tense verb, “will be coming.”  When the verb is in the present or past tense, and active, as in “The ball bounces easily” or “The ball bounced high,” the adverb is more easily identified.  Also, when an adverb ends in “-ly” as in “easily,” it stands out in a sentence because the "ly" suffix is the signature way to modify an adjective into an adverb (easy - easily).  Another confusion is the word “dark.”  This is a predicate adjective describing “it.”  Some grammarians (influenced by Noam Chomsky) would treat “getting” as the verb and “will be” as fragments, or would use the phrase “verb plus prep” to name this a predicate phrase, with an adverb.
  

What does Grim call Gram in Philbrick's Freak the Mighty?

"Grim" and "Gram" are the special nicknames Max uses for his grandparents, but those aren't their real names, and they aren't the names that the grandparents call each other.

Although Grim rarely addresses Gram with a name, when he does, he calls her "my dear." This happens two times: once in Chapter 14, when Grim is comforting Gram while they are both worried about protecting Max from his father, and again in Chapter 15, when the family is celebrating Christmas and the normally reserved Grim is feeling more affectionate than usual.

Here's that first instance, from Chapter 14:

"Next thing, Gram is crying, and you can tell Grim is trying to make her feel better, going, 'There, there, my dear. I know, I know. There, there.'"

Here's the second instance, in Chapter 15:

"Gram says, 'How can you tell such lies on Christmas Eve?'

'I'm telling tales, my dear, not lies. Lies are mean things, and tales are meant to entertain.'"

It's worthwhile to consider what the characters call each other, because that reveals a lot about what kind of people they are. For example, Max calls his best friend by his nickname, Freak, though Freak's mother calls him by his real name, Kevin. This helps us understand that Freak's mother wants to see Kevin as someone normal and respectable, while Max accepts Freak for the unusual personality he's cultivated for himself.

Getting back to Gram and Grim, then, the fact that Grim calls Gram "my dear" shows that he really is a tender-hearted man, despite how reluctant he usually is to show it. And further, the fact that Grim usually calls Max by his name, even by his full name "Maxwell," shows that Max's relationship with his grandfather is a bit stiff and formal--but then on a rare occasion, Grim called Max "son," which made Max feel surprised and happy because of how affectionate his grandfather was being.