What were the causes of the March Revolution in Russia?

There were a number of reasons for the Russian population to be dissatisfied with Czar Nicholas in 1917. For one, he was not a very good leader and was not in touch with the needs of his people. His handling of Russian involvement in World War I was considered disastrous as the death counts skyrocketed. The war also caused severe food and fuel shortages for the people. Suffering through a Russian winter without food or heat was enough to anger even the most patient of souls. When the peasants and factory workers protested their conditions, at best they were ignored. Often times they were met with violent resistance.

Another thing that caused misery for the Russian population was the heavy burden of taxation. In an effort to become more modern, the Czar wanted to industrialize. He taxed the peasants to raise capital for heavy industries. The factory workers were also not happy with the meager wages they received and often went on strike. These strikes were frequently met with violence by the government.

In the midst of all of this misery was a strong current of socialism and communism. Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky called for a worker's revolution that would start in Russia and spread around the world. There efforts would eventually result in Russia becoming a communist state.

Did Germany lose Hungary in the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria made up the alliance that was called the Central Powers during World War I. The Central Powers were defeated in the war. As a result, the Treaty of Versailles was developed by the Allies as the peace treaty ending World War I.

In the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to pay $33 billion in reparations to the Allies. Germany also had to accept the responsibility for World War I. All of the Central Power nations lost land. Germany had its military weakened so that it couldn't go on the offensive again. The impact of this treaty was to end the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Germany did not lose Hungary in this treaty. Germany and Austria-Hungary were in the same alliance. Germany didn’t have control over Austria-Hungary during World War I.

The Versailles Treaty was very harsh on the Central Powers, especially on Germany. However, Germany never had control of Hungary during World War I.

What is the primary center of tension in the encounter between John Proctor and Mary Warren? Why does Mary begin to challenge Proctor's...

In Act Two, when Mary Warren returns home to the Proctors' house, the primary reason for the tension between John and Mary is that he had forbidden her to go into Salem.  She had disobeyed his order, as well as his wife's, and gone to town anyway.  As Elizabeth explains, Mary Warren is no longer like a mouse; "she raises up her chin like the daughter of a prince and says [...], 'I must go to Salem, Good Proctor; I am an official of the court!'"  Thus, Mary now feels as though she can defy Proctor's authority because she believes that she is answering to a higher authority, a more important authority than her employer: the court.  Mary explains that, although there were fourteen accused before, there are now thirty-nine accused, and she is "amazed" that John is unable to see "what weighty work [they] do" in the courts. 

This interaction reveals how dramatically and quickly the court's authority has increased as well as the importance it places on the words of the girls.  Elizabeth explains that judges have been brought in from Boston, and presiding over all is the Deputy Governor of the colony.  The court's authority is so far-reaching that it seems to overtake logic and reason, and the (lying) girls have gained a measure of this authority for themselves. 

What is the contrast between the reactions of Benvolio and Tybalt when they come upon the fight between the Capulet servants and the Montague...

When Benevolio sees Sampson and Gregory begin to fight the servants of the Montagues, he shouts for them to put up their swords and keep the peace; however, when Tybalt enters, he immediately engages in the conflict and threatens Benevolio.

In the opening of Act I, the servants of the the Capulets, Sampson and Gregory, walk along, discussing how much they hate the house of Montague. They talk about what they would like to do to the Montagues, and when they see servants of the house of Montague, Sampson bites his thumb at them in a very insulting gesture. Words are then exchanged, and soon the men draw their swords against each other. Benevolio, nephew of Lord Montague and close friend of Romeo, shouts at Sampson and Gregory to separate from the other servants of the Montagues. He beats down their weapons saying, "Put up your swords. You know not what you do" (1.1.55). Unfortunately, the fiery-tempered Tybalt, a Capulet, has witnessed the exchange, and excitedly runs with his sword drawn, shouting,

What, art thou drawn among these heartless hinds?
Turn thee, Benvolio, look upon thy death.  (1.1.56-57)

Benvolio tells Tybalt that he is merely trying to keep the peace, urging Tybalt to put up his sword. But the fiery Tybalt professes his hatred for the word "peace," as something that he detests as much as Hell and all the Montagues. As he says these things, he aims his sword at Benvolio, saying, "Have at thee, coward!" (1.1.62). They fight, but some other citizens see them and beat them down with clubs, hoping to restore peace.

Clearly, Tybalt is extremely choleric, with a fiery temper that rages quickly. Benvolio, however, is more sanguine and even-tempered, as he wishes to keep the peace and avoid conflicts. They are, indeed, contrasting characters.

How to derive a formula for and calculate the specific acoustic impedance of air and water at STP, knowing that: The density of air at STP is...

Specific acoustic impedance is defined as the ratio of acoustic pressure (p) to specific flow (u) (also known as acoustic flow velocity).

`z = p/u `

We know that for sound waves traveling in a medium, the displacement of the particles in the y direction at a position x and at a time t is given by:

`y(x,t) = A_0sin(kx - wt) `

Where Ao is the maximum displacement (the amplitude), k is the wave number (defined as k=2`pi`/`lambda`) and w is the angular frequency of the oscillation. It is also known that the velocity u of a particle in this sound wave and the acoustic pressure p are given by the following two equations:

`u(x,t) =(del y)/(del t) = -A_0wcos(kx - wt)`

`p(x,t) = -kappa (del y)/(del x) = -kappa A_0kcos(kx - wt) `

Here, `kappa` is defined as the adiabatic bulk modulus (it basically measures the resistance of a substance to uniform compression). Now, substituting this results in our definition of the specific acoustic impedance, we get:

`z= (kappa k )/w `

But it can also be shown, when studying sound waves, that

`kappa = rho v^2 `

Where v is the speed at which the sound wave travels in this medium and `rho` is the density of the substance. Finally, we have for the specific acoustic impedance, using the definition of k:

`z = rho v^2 k / w = rho v `

Now we see that the acoustic impedance of a substance is a function of the density of the medium and the velocity at which the sound wave travels in it. But both of this variables depend on the temperature, so the impedance is really a function of the temperature.

Using the values given by you, we have for air:

`z_(air)=(1.29 kg m^(-3))(332 m s^(-1)) = 428.28 (kg) / (m^(2) s)`

And for water:

`z_(water) = (1003 (kg)/(m^3))(1500 m/s)=1.5045xx10^6 (kg)/(m^2s)`

What this show us is that sound is less intense (~3500 times less) in water than in air for a given pressure amplitude! Things sound louder in air than in water!

Which habitats and foods do stink bugs prefer?

Stink bugs (also known as shield bugs) are insects in the order Hemiptera and the family Pentatomidae. The common name, stink bug, comes from the foul odor of a defensive chemical they emit when threatened. 

Pentatomids are extremely variable in their biology and habitat preferences, and are found throughout the world, primarily in open habitats such as fields, meadows and gardens. Like all insects in the order Hemiptera, they have piercing/sucking mouthparts which they use to feed on plant materials, such as sap or fruit. The particular plant host preferences of stink bugs vary between species, but many are considered pests of agricultural crops.

One notorious pentatomid pest is the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, an Asian species that was accidentally introduced to the United States and is now an invasive pest causing considerable damage to fruits and vegetables, as well as being a house pest.

However, not all stink bugs feed on plant material. Some species are predators that attack other insects by piercing them with their sharp beak and feeding on body juices. Predatory stink bugs often feed on herbivorous larvae that can be pests of crops and garden plants, and therefore can serve as beneficial insects and biocontrol agents to limit pest damage to plants. 

All stink bugs undergo simple metamorphosis. Eggs hatch into nymphs, which resemble adults but lack wings. Immatures undergo a series of molts, until they become a winged adult, at which point they no longer molt. Most stink bugs overwinter as adults, taking shelter under leaf litter, stones and logs, or inside homes and other structures. 

Suppose you observe a star orbiting the galactic center at a speed of 1200 km/s in a circular orbit with a radius of 22 light-days. Calculate the...

Kepler's Third law in Newton's form helps us here. It states that for an object (a star in our case) orbiting another much more massive object (the galactic center)

`P^2/R^3 = (4pi^2)/(G M),`

where `P` is the orbital period, `R` is the radius of orbit, `M` is the mass of a central object and `G approx 6.7*10^(-11) (m^3)/(kg*s^2)` is the gravitational constant.

It is easy to find `M` from this equation,  `M = ((2pi)/P)^2 R^3/G.` We know the speed `V,` it is obvious that `V = (2pi R)/P,` so `(2pi)/P = V/R` and the final formula is

`M = (V^2 * R)/G.`

To find the numeric answer we have to convert the given radius from light-days into meters. It is `22*2.6*10^(13) m` and the answer is

`((1200000)^2*22*2.6*10^(13)) / (6.7*10^(-11)) approx 12.3*10^(36) = 1.23*10^(37) (kg).`