What does the following quote from Golding's Lord of the Flies say about Jack? Why does he do this?"Jack snatched from behind him a sizable...

Jack’s gesture with the knife demonstrates both his violence and his tendency for dramatic gestures.  All the boys are doing is exploring the island.  There is no need for any of this.  However, Jack wants to make sure that he remains the center of attention.

While Ralph approaches the task at hand, exploring the island, with systematic and businesslike dullness, Jack treats it like an adventure.  He isn’t interested in the practical.  Just as he wanted to be in charge before just so he could punish rule-breakers, he wants to make exploring the island into something theatrical.

“Come on,” said Jack presently, “we’re explorers.”

“We’ll go to the end of the island,” said Ralph, “and look round the corner.”

“If it is an island—” (Ch. 1)

Jack has been designated leader of the hunters because of his practical leadership experience, and he takes charge of the small group of explorers who are checking out the island.

“We’ll try climbing the mountain from here,” he said. “I should think this is the easiest way. There’s less of that jungly stuff; and more pink rock. Come on.” (Ch. 1)

As they are looking around, Jack comments that they are doing "real exploring" and is excited that no one else is on the island and it doesn't seem to have had visitors or inhabitants before.  While Ralph is concerned about drawing maps and worried about whether or not they will be rescued, Jack is enjoying the adventure.

When they come across a pig, Jack draws his knife again "with a flourish."  This time there is a practical reason, but he is unable to actually get the pig "because of the enormity of the knife descending and cutting into living flesh."  It turns out that Jack is really just all bluster, without practical usefulness to back up his knife-flourishing skills.

Why does the volume of a cell reduce faster than surface area?

The volume is typically dependent on the cube of cell's dimension, while the surface area is dependent on the square of cell's dimension. That is,

Volume `alpha`  (dimension)^3

Surface area `alpha`  (dimension)^2

If we assume the cell to be spherical in shape, with a radius of "r", then the volume is given as 4/3 `pi`r^3 and the surface area is given as 4`pi`r^2.

Thus, volume is more dependent on the dimension as compared to the surface area.

For illustration, if the radius of the cell halves, then the volume reduces by a factor of 8 (it would be 1/8th original value), while the surface area would reduce by a factor of 4 (it would be 1/4 th of its original value).

Hence, the volume reduces faster than the surface area of the cell. It also means that the volume increases faster than the surface area of cell.

Hope this helps. 

What is the structure within cells? What do clusters of cells create? How does cell nutrition work and what is the role of specialized cells?

Cells contain organelles inside of them. Each organelle has a job for the cell to function. All of the organelles work together for the cell to function as a whole. For example: the mitochondria provide energy for cells by producing ATP. Clusters or groups of cells make tissues. This is part of the levels of organization. Cell ­­-->Tissue --> Organs --> Organ System --> Organism. Cells need nutrients to survive and then to make more cells. They get their nutrients from the body and those nutrients can enter the cell through the cell membrane. The membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Some materials can pass through the membrane through simple diffusion, meaning they just slip through. Some materials enter through facilitated diffusion, meaning they need a protein to get through. An example of this is glucose entering a red blood cell. Others that are large may need to get into the cell through active transport. An example is a Sodium/Potassium pump. Our bodies are made of lots of different specialized cells. Neurons are a specialized cell to transport electrical signals. Muscle cells are specialized for contraction to help our bodies move (skeletal muscle), help food get through our digestive system (smooth muscle), or make our heart pump (cardiac muscle). Muscle cells tend to have more mitochondria than a skin cell because they need more energy (mitochondria produce energy). Our bodies need to have specialized cells to be able to perform the variety of functions we have.

What is the role of business in the economy?

In any market economy, business plays a huge role.  Business is the engine of an economy.  Business provides jobs that allow people to make money and goods and services that people can buy with the money they make.  Without business, the economy would be very inefficient and/or very primitive.

In any economy, people need jobs.  In any but the most primitive economies, people need to be able to buy goods and services.  Businesses provide for both of these needs.  Most businesses provide people with jobs.  If I open a restaurant, I will need to hire cooks, wait staff, dishwashers, and other people.  My business is providing jobs for many people.  Now imagine how many people get their jobs from large companies.  A large company can provide thousands of jobs. This is incredibly important to an economy.

These businesses also provide the things that people need to buy.  If you need a cell phone, you have to buy it from a business because you certainly cannot make your own. Most people cannot make their own clothes and must buy them from a business.  Most people do not cut their own hair and must pay a business for their haircuts.  Without businesses, people would not have goods and services that they could buy.

Economies can exist without businesses, but they are not nearly as strong.  Imagine an economy where every person works only for themselves.  No one starts a business and hires other people.  This economy would be very primitive as people would only buy and sell things they could make themselves.  Alternatively, imagine an economy where there are no businesses because the government is in charge of the economy.  The government will provide jobs and goods and services, but it will not do so efficiently.  The government might not provide the things that people want.  It might run its factories and other operations poorly because they could not go broke if they failed to satisfy their customers. This would be an inefficient economy.

Business, then, plays a central role in any market economy. It is the engine that allows an economy to run because it provides jobs as well as goods and services.

What is the meaning of wavelength?

The wavelength of a wave, usually denoted by the Greek letter `lambda` ("lambda"), is a quantity that describes the spatial periodicity of the wave.

"Periodicity" means that the disturbance that creates a wave has a repeating pattern. If at time t the disturbance (however it is measured) has a value y, then after time T, called the period, has elapsed, the disturbance will return to the value y. If the wave is traveling with the velocity v, during the time T it will have traveled the distance equal to the wavelength: `lambda= vT` . Alternatively,

`lambda = v/f` , where f is the frequency of the wave.

Waves are typically described by periodic functions such as `y(x, t) = cos(kx - omegat)` . Here, k is the wave number and `omega` is the angular frequency of the wave. Both of this properties of the wave are related to the wavelength. The period of cosine is `2pi` , so the spatial periodicity of the wave is determined by `kx = 2pi` . Since the wave returns to its original form after it travels the distance equal to the wavelength, when `x = lambda` , `klambda = 2pi` . From here, `k = (2pi)/lambda` . Similarly, `omegat = 2pi` when t = T, so `omegaT = 2pi` and

`omega = (2pi)/T` .

The values of wavelength of the waves occurring in nature vary greatly. For electromagnetic waves, the radio waves can have the wavelength of several kilometers. Visible light has the wavelength in the range of 400 to 700 nanometers (`10^(-9) meters.)`  X-rays have wavelength less than `10^(-10)` meters, comparable to the size of atoms. Sound, which is a mechanical wave, can be audible to humans when its wavelength is in the range between several millimeters to several meters.

How does Nick feel about the events he describes? How do you feel about Nick?

Nick feels soiled by the events he has witnessed, especially the careless disregard Tom and Daisy have towards the lives they wrecked. If they retreat into their money, he retreats to the winter purity of the Midwest. What stands out to him as rising above the sordid events of his summer is the character of Gatsby, a person who strikes him as an emblem of the American Dream in all its grandeur and delusion.

I feel Nick is an unreliable narrator with too much faith in his own honesty. Anybody who calls honesty one of their "cardinal" virtues probably is not all that honest, if only from being blind to places where unintentional dishonesty might creep in. At the same time, I cannot help but like Nick; he is a poetic soul through whom Fitzgerald writes beautifully, and he has a sincere appreciation of Gatsby (even if he sometimes pokes fun at him) that allows the reader to see Gatsby as a sympathetic and tragic figure rather than just a criminal huckster.

What are the terms of the bet in Chekhov's story "The Bet"?

The terms of the bet are that the lawyer must live in isolation for fifteen years. At the end of that time, if he fulfills his bet of having no human contact for this period, the banker will pay him two million rubles.

The bet arises out of an argument on which is crueler, the death penalty or life imprisonment. A young lawyer argues that "to live anyhow is better than not at all." A banker contradicts him and bets the lawyer that he would not stay in solitary confinement for five years. The inflamed and boastful lawyer calls his bet, saying if the banker is in earnest, he will live, not five, but fifteen years in isolation. 
During this long period of isolation, the lawyer may have books, musical instruments, any kind of food, wine, letters, and virtually anything else that he wants except human contact. So, at first, the lawyer is content. He reads books that are light in their subject matter, and he plays the piano frequently. In the second year, he becomes vociferous in his private conversations with himself, and he stops playing the piano. Then, in the sixth year, he decides to become an intellectual and studies languages and reads philosophy and history. In the tenth year, he reads only theological texts. Yet, though he has gained wisdom and knowledge, the lawyer finds his knowledge worthless because he has no one with whom to share anything.

Near the end of the term, the banker finds himself much poorer than he was when he made the bet. In his desperation he contemplates murdering the lawyer to avoid paying and being financially ruined. When he looks into the garden house where the lawyer is imprisoned, he finds him asleep. Breaking the seals on the door, the banker discovers a prematurely aged man asleep and the pessimistic letter of the lawyer, who has renounced the bet. After reading this letter, the banker returns to his house.
The next day, the watchman reports that the prisoner is gone; the banker retrieves the letter and hides it in his safe. Ironically, both men feel a contempt for their lives.