Why did Dred Scott claim that he became a free man by entering the Louisiana Territory?

This question, of course, refers to the Supreme Court's infamous decision in Scott v. Sandford, the 1857 decision in which the Court, led by Roger Taney, denied the right of a black man to sue in a court, and denied the ability of the federal government to restrict the spread of slavery. Scott, an enslaved man who was carried into Wisconsin Territory by his owner, an Army officer, argued that being in Wisconsin made him free. This is because Wisconsin, as noted in the question, had been part of the Louisiana Territory, and in 1820, a political dispute over the admission of Missouri (also part of the Louisiana Territory) as a slave state. The compromise that resolved this dispute stipulated that all territories in the Louisiana Territory north of 36'30 north latitude would be free from slavery. Wisconsin, the territory where Scott had lived for a time, was in this area. So Scott argued that he was free, having lived in Wisconsin, and that he could not be reenslaved when he was taken back to Missouri.

How does Atticus explain his decision to have allowed Mr. Cunningham to sit on the jury in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird?

In Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, it was not actually Mr. Walter Cunningham who served on Tom Robinson's jury, but it was one of the Cunninghams' family members from Old Sarum. Atticus explains to Jem in Chapter 23 that he had decided not to strike the Cunningham from the jury because he had a hunch the Finches had earned the Cunninghams' respect the night of the lynch mob.

According to Atticus, the Cunningham on the jury was the one person who kept the jury out for hours without a decision, whereas normally the jury would have been back within a matter of minutes for a case like Robinson's. The Cunningham had at first wanted to acquit Robinson, but the other jury members convinced him otherwise. Atticus further explains that the reason why the Cunningham had wanted to acquit Robinson is because the Cunninghams are a very loyal clan:

Once you earned their respect they were for you tooth and nail. (Ch. 23)

Atticus had suspected he had earned the Cunninghams' loyalty the night of the lynch mob because Scout had reminded Walter Cunningham of his humanity, who then broke up the lynch mob. Scout had reminded Walter Cunningham of his humanity by speaking kindly of his son and by speaking compassionately of his entailment, telling him Atticus had once said he and Mr. Cunningham would face the entailment together and "ride it out together" (Ch. 16). After that, Mr. Cunningham had remembered just how much he is indebted to Atticus and how much he respects him; therefore, Mr. Cunningham had broken up the lynch mob, and his family member on the jury had become willing to defend Atticus by acquitting Robinson.

After Gatsby's private conversation with Daisy, how has he changed?

In Chapter Five, with Nick's help, Gatsby arranges a meeting with Daisy. This is the first time that he has seen Daisy in almost five years and before their private meeting, he is extremely nervous. Nick describes him as being "pale as death," for example, and "acting like a little boy" around her.

After being left alone  with Daisy, however, Nick is struck by the change in Gatsby's appearance and demeanour:

"He literally glowed; without a word or a gesture of exultation a new well-being radiated from him and filled the little room."

Gatsby is, therefore, energised by his private meeting with Daisy. His nerves are replaced with confidence and his ill mood replaced with happiness and contentment. In addition, he returns to calling Nick "old sport" and comments that it has stopped raining. He also invites the pair over to his house.

Gatsby has been waiting for a reunion with Daisy for years and, for him, this private meeting is like a dream come true. 

What are natural treatments for high cholesterol?

Introduction

One of the most significant discoveries in preventive
medicine is that elevated levels of cholesterol
in the blood accelerate atherosclerosis, a condition commonly
known as hardening of the arteries. Like high blood pressure, inactivity, smoking,
and diabetes, high cholesterol has proven to be one of the most important factors
in the development of heart disease, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease
(blockage of circulation to the extremities, usually the legs).

Cholesterol does not directly clog arteries like grease clogs pipes. The current theory is that elevated levels of cholesterol irritate the walls of blood vessels and cause them to undergo harmful changes. Because most cholesterol is manufactured by the body itself, dietary sources of cholesterol (such as eggs) are not usually the most important problem. The relative proportion of unsaturated fats (from plants) and saturated fats (mainly from animal products) in the diet is more significant.

When the consequences of elevated cholesterol were first being researched, total cholesterol was the only measurement considered. Today, the overall lipid profile is taken into account. LDL (bad) cholesterol, HDL (good) cholesterol, and triglycerides are the most common measurements related to cholesterol. Lipoprotein A and oxidized LDL cholesterol are also drawing increasing attention.

This change in emphasis has placed doubt on some long-standing recommendations. For example, reducing total fat intake generally decreases total cholesterol. On this basis, medical authorities long ago adopted a policy of recommending low-fat diets. However, when other lipid measurements are taken into account, it is clear that reducing fat intake is not the key. Low-fat diets improve total and LDL cholesterol levels, but they worsen HDL and triglyceride levels. Conversely, low-carbohydrate (carb), high-fat diets tend to raise levels of LDL and total cholesterol, but they reduce triglycerides and raise HDL. Some researchers use these effects as proof that the low-fat diet is healthier, but the current state of knowledge does not indicate whether the changes in lipids produced by low-fat diets are better or worse than the changes produced by low-carb diets. It is possible that a diet low in carbohydrates and high in monounsaturated fats (such as olive oil) offers the best of both worlds, but this has not been conclusively proven. What is clear is that losing weight is extremely important. If one is overweight and loses weight, one’s cholesterol profile is almost certain to improve.

Increasing exercise and losing weight may produce adequate improvements in the
lipid profile. If such lifestyle changes are not effective, however, there are
many highly effective drugs to choose from. Medications in the statin family are
most effective, and they have been shown to prevent heart attacks
and reduce mortality. Other useful conventional options include ezetimibe (Zetia),
fibrate
drugs, and various forms of the vitamin niacin.

Principal Proposed Natural Treatments

Several herbs and supplements appear to help lower cholesterol levels. For some (such as stanols-sterols, vitamin B3, fiber, and soy), the evidence is sufficiently strong to have produced mainstream acceptance.

Stanols and sterols. Stanols are substances that occur naturally in various plants. Their cholesterol-lowering effects were first observed in animals in the 1950s. Since then, a substantial amount of research suggests that plant stanols (usually modified into stanol esters) can help to lower cholesterol in persons with normal or mildly to moderately elevated cholesterol levels. Stanols are available in margarine spreads, salad dressings, and dietary supplement tablets. Related substances called plant sterols appear to have equivalent effects. In the following subsection, sterols and stanols and their esters will be referred to somewhat interchangeably.

Plant stanol esters reduce serum cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol absorption. Because they are structurally similar to cholesterol, stanols (and sterols) can displace cholesterol from the “packages” that deliver cholesterol for absorption from the intestines to the bloodstream. The displaced cholesterol is then excreted from the body. This not only interferes with the absorption of cholesterol from food but has the additional (and probably more important) effect of removing cholesterol from substances made in the liver that are recycled through the digestive tract.

Numerous double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, ranging in length from thirty days to twelve months, have found stanol esters and their chemical relatives effective for improving cholesterol profile levels. The combined results suggest that these substances can reduce total cholesterol and LDL (bad) cholesterol by about 10 to 15 percent. However, stanols-sterols do not appear to have any significant effect on HDL (good) cholesterol or triglycerides.

Fish
oil has also been shown to have a favorable effect on fats in
the blood, in particular triglycerides. A study investigating the possible benefit
of combining sterols with fish oil found that together they significantly lowered
total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, and raised HDL cholesterol
in persons with undesirable cholesterol profiles.

Persons taking statin drugs also may benefit from using stanols-sterols.
According to one study, persons on statins and who start taking sterol ester
margarine will see improvement in their cholesterol level to the same extent as if
they had doubled the dose of statin. Stanols or sterols also appear to enhance the
effects of cholesterol-lowering diets. Stanols or sterols also appear to be safe
and effective in helping to improve cholesterol profile in people with type 2
(adult-onset) diabetes.

Niacin. The common vitamin niacin, also called vitamin B3, is an accepted medical treatment for elevated cholesterol with solid science behind it. Several well-designed, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have found that niacin reduced LDL cholesterol by approximately 10 percent and triglycerides by 25 percent, and raised HDL cholesterol by 20 to 30 percent. Niacin also lowers levels of lipoprotein A (another risk factor for atherosclerosis) by about 35 percent. Furthermore, long-term use of niacin has been shown to significantly reduce death rates from cardiovascular disease.

Niacin appears to be a safe and effective treatment for high cholesterol in people with diabetes too and (contrary to previous reports) does not seem to raise blood sugar levels. Niacin, if taken in sufficient quantities to lower cholesterol, can cause an annoying flushing reaction and occasionally liver inflammation. Close medical supervision is essential when using niacin to lower cholesterol.

Combining high-dose niacin with statin drugs (the most effective medications
for high cholesterol) further improves lipid profile by raising HDL cholesterol.
There are real concerns, however, that this combination therapy could cause a
potentially fatal condition called rhabdomyolysis.

A growing body of evidence, however, suggests that the risk is relatively slight in persons with healthy kidneys. Furthermore, even much lower doses of niacin than the usual dose given to improve cholesterol levels (100 milligrams [mg] versus 1,000 mg or more) may provide a similar benefit. At this dose, the risk of rhabdomyolysis should be decreased. Nonetheless, it is not safe to try this combination except under close physician supervision because rhabdomyolysis can be fatal.

Soluble fiber. Water-soluble fiber supplements (such as psyllium,
hydroxymethylcellulose and its relatives, and beta glucan from oats) are thought
to lower cholesterol, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
has permitted products containing this form of fiber to carry a “heart-healthy”
label. The bulk of the supporting evidence for this theory comes from studies of
oats conducted by manufacturers of oat products. A typical dose of oat bran is 5
to 10 grams (g) with each meal and at bedtime; psyllium is taken at 10 g with each
meal.

Soy protein. Soy protein appears capable of modestly lowering total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides by approximately 5 to 15 percent. The FDA has allowed foods containing soy protein to make the heart-healthy claim on the label. One study suggests that substituting as little as 20 g daily of soy protein for animal protein can significantly improve cholesterol levels. Higher doses appear to lead to increased benefit.

Although it was once thought that isoflavones are the active ingredients in soy responsible for improving cholesterol profile, evidence suggests otherwise. Other substances, such as certain soy proteins, may be more important. However, it also has been suggested that soy protein must be kept in its original state to be effective. Ordinary soy protein extracts are somewhat damaged (“denatured”). In a double-blind study of 120 people, a special “preserved” soy protein extract proved more effective for improving cholesterol profile than standard denatured soy protein extracts.

Artichoke leaf. Although primarily used to stimulate gallbladder function, artichoke leaf also may be helpful for high cholesterol. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 143 persons with elevated cholesterol, artichoke leaf extract significantly improved cholesterol readings. Total cholesterol fell by 18.5 percent compared to 8.6 percent in the placebo group; LDL cholesterol fell by 23 percent versus 6 percent; and the LDL to HDL ratio decreased by 20 percent versus 7 percent. In a subsequent study of seventy-five otherwise healthy people with high cholesterol, artichoke leaf extract significantly reduced total cholesterol compared with placebo, but it did not affect LDL, HDL, or triglycerides levels.

Artichoke leaf may work by interfering with cholesterol synthesis. A compound in artichoke called luteolin may play a role in reducing cholesterol.

Other Proposed Natural Treatments

There are several other promising alternative treatments for high cholesterol.
Numerous studies enrolling a total of many thousands of persons purported to show
that the substance policosanol, made from sugarcane, can markedly improve
cholesterol profile. However, the single Cuban research group behind these studies
has a financial connection to the product. Not until 2006 did independent research
groups begin to report their results on the use of policosanol for
hyperlipidemia. Nine such independent studies have been
reported, enrolling more than five hundred people, and in not one of these studies
has policosanol proved to be more effective than placebo.

Red yeast rice is a traditional Chinese medicinal substance that is made by fermenting a type of yeast called Monascus purpureus over rice. It contains cholesterol-lowering chemicals in the statin family, including one identical to the drug lovastatin. Like statin drugs, red yeast rice appears to be effective for improving various aspects of lipid profile, including total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and the LDL/HDL ratio. Presumably it also presents the same safety risks as statins, compounded by the uncertainty regarding how much active drug any particular batch of red yeast rice contains.

In a twelve-month study of 223 postmenopausal women, calcium supplements (calcium citrate at a dose of 1 g daily) significantly improved the ratio of HDL cholesterol to LDL cholesterol. This appears to have been primarily caused by a meaningful rise in HDL levels.

Krill are tiny shrimplike crustaceans that flourish in the
Antarctic Ocean and provide food for numerous aquatic animals. Krill oil, similar
but not identical to fish oil, may improve cholesterol profile. Fish oil may
enhance the effectiveness of drugs in the statin family. Eicosapentaenoic acid,
another constituent of fish oil, may help prevent severe heart complications in
people with high cholesterol who are already taking statins.

One double-blind study found evidence that cinnamon, taken at a dose of 1 to 6 grams daily, improved triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol, without worsening HDL cholesterol. Inconsistent evidence hints that flaxseed might reduce LDL cholesterol and, overall, slow down atherosclerosis. Flaxseed oil may be helpful too, although evidence is again inconsistent. It may be the generic fiber and not the other specific ingredients in flaxseed that benefit cholesterol levels. Studies of purified lignans (found in flaxseed) have yielded mixed results. Also, a growing body of evidence suggests that increased consumption of nuts such as almonds, walnuts, pecans, and macadamia nuts may improve lipid profile and reduce heart disease risk, presumably because of their high monounsaturated fat content.

Olive oil is known to improve cholesterol profile. Until recently, it had been thought that the monounsaturated fats in olive oil are its primary active ingredients. However, some evidence hints that polyphenols in olive oil (particularly, virgin olive oil) also may play a positive role.

Some studies suggest that friendly bacteria (probiotics)
might improve cholesterol profile. Prebiotics, substances that enhance the growth
of friendly bacteria, have shown inconsistent benefit in studies. One study found
that any improvement, if it does occur, is short-lived.

Both black and green teas enriched with either theaflavin or catechins have shown promise for lowering cholesterol. Without such enhancement, both green tea and black tea may be ineffective. Dark chocolate contains substances related to those in black and green tea, and it too has shown some promise for improving cholesterol profile.

Other preliminary double-blind trials suggest potential benefit with the Iranian herb Achillea wilhelmsii, the Peruvian herb caigua (Cyclanterha pedata), carob fiber, caterpillar fungus (Cordyceps sinensis), Ipomoea batatus (sweet potato), and a drink containing broccoli and cabbage. Chitosan, a type of insoluble fiber derived from crustacean shells, has been proposed for reducing cholesterol levels. Evidence suggests that if it does offer any benefits, they are minimal at best.

A comprehensive review combining the results of fourteen studies found that glucomannan, a dietary fiber derived from the tubers of Amorphophallus konjac, significantly reduced total and LDL cholesterol levels. Weaker, and in some cases inconsistent, evidence suggests potential benefit with alfalfa; berberine (found in goldenseal, honey, Oregon grape, and barberry); beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate; blue-green algae; conjugated linoleic acid; L-carnitine; the Ayurvedic herb Eclipta alba (also known as Bhringraja or Keshraja); grape polyphenols; mesoglycan; and nopal cactus.

Studies on whether the mineral chromium can improve cholesterol levels have
returned mixed results. However, this mineral may offer benefit for people taking
drugs in the beta-blocker family. These medications, used for high blood
pressure and other conditions, sometimes reduce HDL cholesterol levels. Chromium
supplements may offset this side effect.

One study provides preliminary evidence that the herb black cohosh may improve lipid profiles in postmenopausal women. Rice bran oil, like other vegetables oils, appears to favorably change lipid profile and to reduce heart disease risk in other ways. Weaker evidence suggests that gamma oryzanol, a substance found in rice bran oil, can also improve lipid profiles.

Substances related to vitamin E called tocotrienols are sometimes promoted as improving cholesterol levels. However, while benefit has been reported in test-tube studies, animal studies, and nonblinded human trials, properly designed studies have failed to find it effective. Other herbs and supplements sometimes recommended for high cholesterol include ashwagandha, fenugreek, He shou wu, maitake, and royal jelly, but there is no evidence that they work.

A number of studies published in the 1980s and 1990s reported that various garlic preparations, including raw garlic, stabilized garlic powder, and aged garlic, can lower cholesterol. However, several more recent and generally better-designed studies have found that if any benefits exist, they are so small as to be of little help in real life.

Although lecithin is commonly believed to reduce cholesterol levels, evidence indicates that it does not work. Similarly, guggul, the sticky gum resin from the mukul myrrh tree, has been widely marketed as a cholesterol-reducing herb. However, while preliminary studies found evidence of benefit, the studies all had significant design flaws; a well-designed study did not find guggul effective.

Vitamin C, cranberry, curcumin (turmeric), and elderberry have failed to prove effective in studies thus far. Also, one study failed to find special fats called medium-chain triacylglycerols more effective for reducing cholesterol than ordinary unsaturated fats.

Herbs and Supplements to Use Only with Caution

One study, in which participants took more than 50 mg of zinc daily, showed that zinc might reduce levels of HDL, or good, cholesterol. Unexpected results in a single trial hint that the sports supplement pyruvate might negate some of the beneficial effects of exercise on HDL levels. In addition, various herbs and supplements may interact adversely with drugs used to treat high cholesterol.

Bibliography

Allen, R. R., et al. “Daily Consumption of a Dark Chocolate Containing Flavanols and Added Sterol Esters Affects Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Normotensive Population with Elevated Cholesterol.” Journal of Nutrition 138 (2008): 725-731.

Baba, S., et al. “Continuous Intake of Polyphenolic Compounds Containing Cocoa Powder Reduces LDL Oxidative Susceptibility and Has Beneficial Effects on Plasma HDL-Cholesterol Concentrations in Humans.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85 (2007): 709-717.

Berglund, L., et al. “Comparison of Monounsaturated Fat with Carbohydrates as a Replacement for Saturated Fat in Subjects with a High Metabolic Risk Profile: Studies in the Fasting and Postprandial States.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86 (2007): 1611-1620.

Bloedon, L. T., et al. “Flaxseed and Cardiovascular Risk Factors.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 27 (2008): 65-74.

Castro Cabezas, M., et al. “Effects of a Stanol-Enriched Diet on Plasma Cholesterol and Triglycerides in Patients Treated with Statins.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 106 (2006): 1564-1569.

Covas, M. I., et al. “The Effect of Polyphenols in Olive Oil on Heart Disease Risk Factors.” Annals of Internal Medicine 145 (2006): 333-341.

Gardner, C. D., et al. “Effect of Raw Garlic vs Commercial Garlic Supplements on Plasma Lipid Concentrations in Adults with Moderate Hypercholesterolemia.” Archives of Internal Medicine 167 (2007): 346-353.

Gardner, C. D., et al. “Effect of Two Types of Soy Milk and Dairy Milk on Plasma Lipids in Hypercholesterolemic Adults.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 26 (2007): 669-677.

Griel, A. E., et al. “A Macadamia Nut-Rich Diet Reduces Total and LDL-Cholesterol in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women.” Journal of Nutrition 138 (2008): 761-767.

Hughes, S., and S. Samman. “The Effect of Zinc Supplementation in Humans on Plasma Lipids, Antioxidant Status, and Thrombogenesis.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 25 (2006): 285-291.

Kelly, S., et al. “Wholegrain Cereals for Coronary Heart Disease.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2007): CD005051. Available through EBSCO DynaMed Systematic Literature Surveillance at http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed.

Lichtenstein, A. H. “Dietary Fat and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Quantity or Quality?” Journal of Women’s Health 12 (2003): 109-114.

Mukamal, K. J., et al. “A Six-Month Randomized Pilot Study of Black Tea and Cardiovascular Risk Factors.” American Heart Journal 154 (2007): 724.

Nagao, T., T. Hase, and I. Tokimitsu. “A Green Tea Extract High in Catechins Reduces Body Fat and Cardiovascular Risks in Humans.” Obesity 15 (2007): 1473-1483.

Reynolds, K., et al. “A Meta-analysis of the Effect of Soy Protein Supplementation on Serum Lipids.” American Journal of Cardiology 98 (2006): 633-640.

Tay, J., et al. “Metabolic Effects of Weight Loss on a Very-Low-Carbohydrate Diet Compared with an Isocaloric High-Carbohydrate Diet in Abdominally Obese Subjects.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51 (2008): 59-67.

What was LBJ’s “Great Society”? What is its connection to the “welfare” system?

President Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” was a set of programs that he proposed to improve (as he saw it) American society in numerous ways.  Johnson became president in November of 1963 when John F. Kennedy was assassinated.  Within his first year in office, he had gotten Congress to pass a few “Great Society” programs.  A year later, he was elected in his own right by a landslide margin, largely because most Americans believed that his opponent, Barry Goldwater, was much too conservative. After he was elected, Johnson felt that he had a mandate to push for more Great Society programs.  This set of programs was very extensive.  As this link tells us, the most important parts of the program had to do with

bringing aid to underprivileged Americans, regulating natural resources, and protecting American consumers.

However, there was much more to the Great Society.  In addition to the major aspects, the program also included

the profoundly influential Immigration Act, bills establishing a National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities, a Highway Safety Act, (and) the Public Broadcasting Act.

Clearly, the Great Society was a very broad set of programs that aimed to improve (in Johnson’s view) many aspects of American society.

As the first quote above tells us, one of the major parts of the Great Society was programs to help underprivileged Americans.  This is where it is connected to the “welfare” system.  Broadly speaking, the welfare system is a system of programs that is meant to help poor Americans.  Johnson’s Great Society greatly expanded the number of programs that were meant to do this.  In addition, the Great Society (and the War on Poverty, which was a part of it) made more Americans believe that the federal government would and should make sure that poor people had a decent standard of living. Therefore, we can say that the Great Society is connected to the welfare system because it created or expanded many of the programs that we associate with welfare and made more people expect that the government would take care of the poor.

What is one example of irony used in chapter 4 of The Outsiders?

I think the best example of irony in chapter four of The Outsiders is the following quote.  

"You ought to know better than to run away in just a sweat shirt, and a wet one at that. Don't you ever use your head?" He sounded so much like Darry that I stared at him.

The line is spoken by Dally.  Johnny has just killed Bob in order to save Ponyboy's life.  The two boys know that they need to get out of town, so they go to Dally for a gun, money, and a plan about where to hide out.  During their conversation Dally scolds Pony for not thinking things through.  The exchange is ironic, because it is essentially the same thing that Darry said to Ponyboy earlier in the book.  The audience can see that Ponyboy may have turned his back on Darry, but the moment that he did Dally quickly fills that role with the same advice.  Ponyboy sort of sees the connection, but not clearly, which is why this scene is an example of dramatic irony.  

When does the mood change in "The Monkey's Paw"?

The mood changes from one of simple domestic harmony to one of sorrow and dread right after Part II of the story ends with the announcement by the man from Maw and Meggins that the company is awarding Herbert's parents the sum of two hundred pounds as compensation for the loss of their son in a factory accident. Part II ends with one sentence.

Unconscious of his wife's shriek, the old man smiled faintly, put out his hands like a sightless man, and dropped, a senseless heap, to the floor.

When Part III opens, we feel the coldness in the little house and an emptiness left by Herbert's permanent absence.

In the huge new cemetery, some two miles distant, the old people buried their dead, and came back to a house steeped in shadow and silence. 

All of Part III is entirely different in mood from the first two parts of the story. In the final part the couple seem much older. They have lost the happy-go-lucky young lad who provided all the interest and amusement in their lives. Now their lives seem empty and their house seems haunted. When Mrs. White gets the fantastic idea of having her husband wish for Herbert to come back to life, the mood becomes worse than sad. It starts to grow ominous. They are trafficking with supernatural forces they do not understand. If they had to lose their son Herbert in order to obtain the two hundred pounds they wished for--then what would they have to lose if their second wish were granted? The uncanniness increases until it seems like a mixture of madness on the part of the mother and pure horror on the part of the father. The reader too is infected with their emotions and is vastly relieved when Mr. White thinks of uttering his third and final wish and makes that dreadful knocking stop.