What are different ways to prove a chemical reaction took place?

1. Temperature change: a change in temperature is a key way to show a chemical reaction occurred because it is indicative of an energy exchange. All reactions exchange energy, whether that energy is lost by combining compounds or elements or gained by breaking bonds. 

2. Precipitate forms: a precipitate is a solid particle that randomly forms in a liquid solution. 

3. Change in color: each particle reflects and absorbs light differently (which produces colors), so when a reaction occurs the particle is altered and therefore so is the color.

4. Gas bubbles form: gas bubbles occur when a reaction occurs because the original compounds have been rearranged and changed into new compounds of a different phase, such as occurs during the formation of carbon dioxide or oxygen.

5. Light: this occurs mostly in combustion reactions, but when bonds are broken violently energy can be released quickly, resulting in light.

6. Change in odor or taste

7. Change in boiling or melting point: every compound has a unique melting point, so if this changes it is a key sign a reaction occurred.

Which of the following key terms relate to Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird: Black Tuesday, Hot Steams, the Egyptian period, Missouri...

Many of the listed key terms both directly and indirectly relate to Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird.

Black Tuesday was the historic day of October 29, 1929, upon which over 16 million shares were sold on the stock market, causing the fatal stock market crash that began the Great Depression. Black Tuesday was preceded by Black Monday upon which the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by 12.8 percent, which created widespread panic, leading holders of stock to sell all their shares. Widespread panic led to the significant financial losses that began the Great Depression.  Though Black Tuesday is never specifically referenced in the novel, the novel is set during the Great Depression, showing us the connection between Black Tuesday and Lee's novel. We know the novel is set in the midst of the Great Depression because, in the opening chapter, Scout describes Maycomb as moving slowly at the time the novel was set due to the following reasons:

There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with, nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb County. (Ch. 1)

Scout further states that the novel is set during a "time of vague optimism for some people: Maycomb County had recently been told that it had nothing to fear but fear itself" (Ch. 1). This serves as a reference to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first inaugural address. President Roosevelt was elected in the midst of the Great Depression due to his progressive reforms to help get the country out of the depression.

The National Recovery Act (NRA) was one of the progressive reforms President Roosevelt implemented in order to raise prices to stimulate economic recovery and create new jobs. Scout references the NRA soon after Tom Robinson's trial and untimely death. She narrates the ways in which Maycomb's citizens had moved on with their lives since his trial and death. In particular, she notes that "people had removed from their store windows and automobiles the stickers that said NRA--WE DO OUR PART" (Ch. 27).

Which process affects the speed of dissolution?a. particle size and stirring onlyb. stirring onlyc. particle size, temperature, and stirring...

Dissolution is, in fact, affected by all three: stirring, particle size, and temperature.

Stirring ensures solute particles are uniformly mixed throughout the solvent and that solute and solvent particles have ample opportunities to interact with each other, which leads to dissolution.

Compared to smaller particles, larger particles are slow to dissolve in a solvent. This can be observed by dissolving sugar cubes and granular sugar particles in water. With a smaller particle size, there are more chances of interactions between solute and solvent particles, which speeds up the dissolution process.

Temperature is another key variable. At higher temperatures, particles have more kinetic energy and thus move faster, resulting in more collisions between solute and solvent particles, which results in faster dissolution of solute in the solvent.

Thus, among the given options, only option C is correct.

Hope this helps.

Suppose the current equilibrium GDP for a country is $14.5 trillion and potential GDP is $14.3 trillion. Will decreasing government purchases by...

Neither of these fiscal policies will restore the country’s economy to its potential gross domestic product (GDP).  Both of them will close the inflationary gap, but they will both go too far and create a recessionary gap instead of bringing the economy exactly to its potential GDP.  The reason for this is the multiplier effect.

When actual GDP is higher than potential GDP, a country has what is called an inflationary gap.  It is producing more than it can sustainably produce in the long term.  Therefore, it will experience inflation.  In order to do away with this gap, the country should engage in contractionary fiscal policy.  That is, it should decrease spending and/or increase taxes.  In your scenario, the country would take the correct kind of action because it would either reduce spending or increase taxes.

However, when the government changes spending or tax levels, it cannot just do so by the exact amount of the inflationary gap.  This is because of the multiplier.  If the government reduces spending by $200 billion, GDP will actually fall much more than that.  Let us say that the government reduces spending by this much. GDP immediately falls by $200 billion, erasing the inflationary gap.  But then GDP falls further.  When the government paid out that $200 billion, the people who received it then went out and spent most of it.  They bought goods like groceries and services like haircuts.  The people who provided the groceries and haircuts got paid, and GDP increased.  Now, when the government stops spending the $200 billion, the people who used to receive it (and then spend it) will no longer do so.  They will no longer spend this money on groceries and haircuts.  Therefore, the total amount spent on all goods and services will decline much more than $200 billion.

When we look at fiscal policy, we have to understand that there is a multiplier effect.  If the government increases spending, GDP goes up by much more than the amount of the spending increase as people use their new income to buy more goods and services.  Conversely, if the government decreases spending, GDP drops but much more than the amount of the decrease because people cut back on their purchases as consumers.  Therefore, either of these changes will decrease the country’s GDP much more than is needed to close the inflationary gap.

In Animal Farm, examine Orwell's tone when he describes the way the animals think of themselves under Napoleon's rule. In which way does his tone...

Orwell generally assumes a mocking or ironic tone in his descriptions of how the animals feel about themselves during Napoleon's rule. Some of the descriptions are somewhat humorous in that they target the general naivety and inability of the animals to completely comprehend exactly what is happening to them. What makes this, at times, particularly laughable is the fact that the character, Benjamin the donkey, knows exactly what is going on but because of his apathy and stubborn refusal to get involved, the charade continues and the animals remain none the wiser.  

After Napoleon has expelled Snowball, he assumes leadership of the farm and throughout this period, the animals present a variety of perceptions about themselves, depending on a particular situation or circumstance. From the outset, Napoleon assumes a dictatorial position. He begins by banishing all meetings and decide that the pigs will henceforth make all the decisions and the animals will have to abide by these instructions.

In chapter six we learn that the animals are working very hard and they have a general feeling of well-being.

But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings.

The irony here is pertinently clear. The animals, in believing that they are doing it all for themselves, are unaware that they, just as much as they did in Jones' time, are not really working for themselves but for the pigs, who do no physical labour but benefit the most and live lives of privilege. This mistaken belief is further emphasized later in the chapter:

If they had no more food than they had had in Jones's day, at least they did not have less. The advantage of only having to feed themselves, and not having to support five extravagant human beings as well, was so great that it would have taken a lot of failures to outweigh it. 

It is pitiful that they do not realize that the pigs consume the most and literally enjoy the cream of the crop whilst they have to starve.

In general, Napoleon's manipulation and propaganda make the animals doubt themselves. They are never quite sure of what they do and do not know, which makes them feel insecure and uncertain. Their poor intelligence adds to the problem. As such, they tend to believe whatever they are told by both Napoleon and especially by Squealer.

He assured them that the resolution against engaging in trade and using money had never been passed, or even suggested. It was pure imagination, probably traceable in the beginning to lies circulated by Snowball. A few animals still felt faintly doubtful, but Squealer asked them shrewdly, "Are you certain that this is not something that you have dreamed, comrades? Have you any record of such a resolution? Is it written down anywhere?" And since it was certainly true that nothing of the kind existed in writing, the animals were satisfied that they had been mistaken.

The animals also felt quite proud of themselves at times, especially when they completed the windmill and when they saw Napoleon giving instructions to a human. We read in chapter six:

Nevertheless, the sight of Napoleon, on all fours, delivering orders to Whymper, who stood on two legs, roused their pride...

By the autumn the animals were tired but happy. They had had a hard year, and after the sale of part of the hay and corn, the stores of food for the winter were none too plentiful, but the windmill compensated for everything.

Probably the most dutiful and dedicated animals on the farm, of those who did not receive privileges, were Clover and Boxer. Boxer believed that every problem could be solved if he should work harder and he adopted the maxim, 'I will work harder!' The other animals felt cold and hungry. Only Boxer and Clover never lost heart, we are told in chapter seven.  Even after the execution of many animals during Napoleon's purge, Boxer remained positive:

"I do not understand it. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. The solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onwards I shall get up a full hour earlier in the mornings."

It is unfortunate that such a powerful animal as he would remain so loyally obedient. Orwell essentially mocks him for his dumb allegiance to the greedy pigs. What makes Boxer's slavish belief even more difficult to swallow is the fact that he adopts another maxim that, 'Napoleon is always right.' Surely, one would ask, in spite of the fact that he is not bright, Boxer should have realized at some point that they were being abused? But he never does, not even after Napoleon's dogs attack him for having said something inappropriate.

After Napoleon's bloody and wholesale execution of the animals who confessed to a variety of acts of betrayal, the animals were miserable and frightened. They felt vulnerable and exposed, as we read in chapter 7:

When it was all over, the remaining animals, except for the pigs and dogs, crept away in a body. They were shaken and miserable.

Overall, the animals felt satisfied, even during Napoleon's tyranny, because they emphatically believed that they were masters of their own destinies. Instead of working for, and being abused by humans, they were now free and were working for themselves. Their naivety, gullibility, and stupidity are fully exploited by the avaricious pigs who enjoy lives of luxury and privilege as much as the humans did.

In the end, the animals cannot distinguish the pigs from the humans. The irony is that they, the general animal public on the farm, not only allowed this to happen but actually assisted the pigs in making it happen. 

What are maca's therapeutic uses?

Overview

Maca is a Peruvian root vegetable used as both food and medicine. It is sometimes called Peruvian ginseng, not because the plants have any botanical relationship, but because their traditional uses are somewhat similar. Traditionally, maca has been said to increase energy and stamina and to enhance both fertility and sex drive in men and women.

Therapeutic Dosages

The usual dose of maca is 500 to 1,000 milligrams (mg) three times a day.

Therapeutic Uses

Maca is widely marketed for improving male sexual function, female sexual function, and both male fertility and female fertility. However, at present there is no reliable evidence that it actually provides any benefits. Much of the evidence for maca comes from animal studies. In one study in rats, use of maca enhanced male sexual function. Animal studies have had mixed results regarding male and female fertility.

There are two published human trials on maca, performed by a single research
group. In one small twelve-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, use of
maca at 1,500 mg or 3,000 mg increased male libido. While this was an interesting
finding, the study did not report benefits in male sexual function, just in
desire. Since loss of sexual function (for example, impotence) is
a more common problem in men than loss of sexual desire, these results do not
justify the widespread claim that maca has been shown to act like a kind of herbal
Viagra.

Another small study found that four months of maca use increased sperm count
and sperm function. This study failed to use a control group, and for this reason,
its results are essentially meaningless. There have been no human trials on maca
for female fertility or female sexual function. Contrary to widespread reports,
maca does not appear to increase testosterone levels or, in fact, to
affect any male hormones.

Other animal studies hint that maca might offer benefits for prostate
enlargement, stress, diabetes, and high blood pressure. However, this evidence is
too weak to justify any claims regarding maca and these conditions. One human
trial evaluated a combination of maca and cat’s claw
for osteoarthritis, but because it failed to include a placebo group, its results
mean little.

Safety Issues

In the two reported human clinical trials, use of maca has not led to any serious adverse effects. However, this herb has not undergone comprehensive safety testing. Safety in young children, pregnant or nursing women, and people with severe liver or kidney disease has not been established.

Bibliography

Gonzales, G. F., et al. “Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a Root with Aphrodisiac and Fertility-Enhancing Properties, on Serum Reproductive Hormone Levels in Adult Healthy Men.” Journal of Endocrinology 176 (2003): 163-168.

_______.“Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on Sexual Desire and Its Absent Relationship with Serum Testosterone Levels in Adult Healthy Men.” Andrologia 34 (2002): 367.

_______.“Lepidium meyenii (Maca) Improved Semen Parameters in Adult Men.” Asian Journal of Andrology 3 (2002): 301-303.

Lopez-Fando, A., et al. “Lepidium peruvianum chacon Restores Homeostasis Impaired by Restraint Stress.” Phytotherapy Research 18 (2004): 471-474.

Mehta, K., et al. “Comparison of Glucosamine Sulfate and a Polyherbal Supplement for the Relief of Osteoarthritis of the Knee.” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7 (2007): 34.

How does infectious disease affect developing countries?

Definition

Infectious diseases cause between 40 and 50 percent of all deaths in developing countries. For children younger than five years of age in these countries, infectious diseases cause almost 70 percent of deaths. Poverty, lack of education, inadequate or absent clean water and sanitation systems, crowded living conditions, unsafe sex, limited health care facilities, and lack of vaccines lead to the disproportionate burden of infectious diseases in the developing world. The chronic infectious disease-related disabilities suffered by adults in their prime working years leads to more poverty, continuing the cycle for the next generation.

Respiratory infections, including tuberculosis and pneumonias; diarrheal illnesses; malaria; and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contribute most to the infectious disease death toll in economically impoverished areas of the world; these and other infections, including the neglected tropical diseases, also contribute to substantial rates of chronic disease and disability.

Malaria

Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of the female
Anopholes mosquito, which is endemic to more than one hundred
countries, including areas of Africa, Southeast Asia, Central America, South
America, India, and parts of India and Oceania. Infection with any of the four
species of Plasmodium causes fever, chills, and muscle aches, but
the most dangerous kind of malaria, falciparum malaria, can cause
serious disease in all ages. It results in significant mortality in children
younger than five years of age.

The battle against malaria is fought on two fronts: with mosquito control and with effective antimalarial medication. In developing countries, there are many inherent difficulties with both methods. Mosquito control has historically been approached by widespread use of insecticides, including dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). Because of worldwide bans on the use of DDT, other approaches have been taken, including very limited use of DDT.

The main mosquito-control tool in campaigns against malaria is the insecticide-treated bed net (ITN), which keeps mosquitoes away from people who are sleeping at night, the time when biting mosquitoes are most active. As of 2008, about 31 percent of African households in malarious areas had an ITN, and about 24 percent of children younger than the age of five slept under one. Several countries, including Rwanda, Tanzania, Eritrea, Sao Tome and Principe, Zambia, and Zanzibar, have achieved even higher ITN coverage, with a resultant 50 percent reduction in malaria cases and deaths in those areas. These significant improvements were aided by expanded international funding of malaria control programs to help meet the goal of the United Nations (UN) to decrease childhood mortality by two-thirds by 2015; this effort was part of the UN Millennium Development Goals program. In 2010, 145 million nets were distributed.

The other major goal of malaria control campaigns is the widespread
availability and use of artemisinin drugs to treat malaria.
Although older malaria drugs, such as quinine and chloroquine, are
inexpensive and available in most developing countries, the malaria parasites have
developed resistance to these drugs, rendering them ineffective in many areas of
the world. Artemisinin drugs, though more expensive, are much more effective as
long as they are used in combination with a second drug; otherwise, resistance
will quickly develop. The use of these combination drugs is called
artemisinin-based combined therapy (ACT). Because some signs of resistance to
artemisinins have been reported in Southeast Asia, the World Health
Organization is leading an initiative to carefully monitor
malarious countries for the presence of artemisinin resistance and to contain it
if found. International funding continues to go to agencies working on wider
access to artemisinins.

HIV and Tuberculosis

In 2014, more than thirty-six million people worldwide are infected with HIV, and a disproportionate number of them reside in developing countries. HIV is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, and in that region; 70 percent of all HIV cases are in the region. In Africa, HIV is transmitted nearly exclusively by heterosexual sex. Culturally and socially, females lack the ability to protect themselves from diseases transmitted by male sex partners or by rape, which is a widespread practice in some areas.

As more girls and women become infected, more newborns will become infected with maternally transmitted HIV. Transmission also occurs through breast milk, which is the only economical way to nourish infants in many impoverished areas. Decreasing the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission is possible and requires only one dose of an antiretroviral drug during labor and one dose for the newborn to reduce risk by about 40 percent. More complicated and probably more effective regimes require girls and women to take multiple drugs during late pregnancy and until breast-feeding ends, but these practices have been difficult to implement in many areas. Maternal and paternal deaths from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the advanced stage of HIV infection, have resulted in an enormous increase in the number of so-called AIDS orphans in many areas of Africa. However, progress has been made: as of 2014, more than 70 percent of pregnant women with HIV were treated to prevent transmitting the disease to their babies.

Outside Africa, growing areas of concern are in Asia, especially in Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Contributing to dramatically increased rates of HIV infection in these areas are the female sex-worker trade, a lack of condom use, stigmatization of HIV testing, and the transient population.

A surge in the number of new cases of tuberculosis (TB) has accompanied the HIV epidemic in both developed and undeveloped countries, but the latter are particularly unprepared to deal with increases in this serious disease. Some of these cases represent strains of TB that are resistant to many of the existing tuberculosis drugs. Asymptomatic TB infection is common in developing countries; when a healthy person inhales Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the body effectively walls off the infection in the lung, and the infected person does not become ill or contagious. As that person is infected with HIV, which gradually destroys the immune system, however, inactive TB becomes active, causing cough, fever, weight loss, and death if untreated. Coinfection with HIV and TB is a disabling, deadly combination.

Treatment of TB requires accurate diagnosis, which is often unavailable in undeveloped areas, and also requires long-term compliance with a daily medication regimen. Both factors contribute to the increase in new infections and incompletely treated infections. With the HIV epidemic in these areas, tuberculosis has become a priority in many disease-control programs.

International efforts to contain both the HIV epidemic and the upsurge in TB have focused on prevention, testing, and treatment. Prevention has focused on safer-sex practices and the empowering of girls and women to avoid sexually transmitted infection. HIV testing has increased but remains problematic because testing is stigmatized, and the stigma increases for persons whose test results are positive.

Progress has been made in the availability of antiretroviral drugs for HIV treatment; according to UN AIDS, between 2006 and 2012, the number of people in sub-Saharan Africa receiving the drugs doubled.

Diarrheal Illness and Measles

Diarrheal illness and its nearly inevitable complications of dehydration
and malnutrition are large contributors to the disease burden in
developing countries, particularly in children younger than age five years. While
diarrhea is considered a minor, self-limiting illness in the developed world, in
undeveloped countries, diarrhea kills more children each year than HIV, measles,
and malaria combined. Diarrhea can be caused by many types of viruses, bacteria,
and protozoa, but it is mostly a result of impure drinking water and fecal
contamination of the living environment.

Even with access to decent sanitation and clean water, a child who does contract a diarrheal illness in a developing country is much less likely to have access to simple treatments that could save his or her life. One simple diarrhea treatment strategy that can save lives includes giving an ill child oral rehydration with a special salt solution (often referred to as ORS) and a zinc supplement, while continuing to feed the child to avoid malnutrition. WHO and other public health entities have also launched social marketing campaigns encouraging stigmatization of defecation in public (a significant problem in India, in particular) and encouraging handwashing with soap to avoid infection.

Immunization with rotavirus vaccine is another strategy
that can decrease diarrhea in children, but this vaccine has yet to be included in
immunization programs in developing countries. Better access to measles vaccine
might also reduce the number of deaths from childhood diarrhea, as diarrhea is
often a debilitating symptom of measles in very young children.

Measles is another childhood disease that affects children
in undeveloped countries significantly more than it does in developed countries,
primarily because, in developed countries, measles vaccination is routine at age
twelve to fifteen months (with a booster at school entrance in most developed
countries). Vaccination of young children in some areas of Africa and Asia has
been limited.

The Measles Initiative, a consortium including the American Red Cross, the United Nations Foundation, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and WHO, had committed to reducing measles worldwide by 90 percent by 2010. Since 2000, the initiative has helped prevent 15.6 million deaths through vaccination. As a result, 84 percent of the world's children have been immunized. The biggest impact has been in Africa, and in the eastern Mediterranean region, which includes Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Somalia.

For children not immunized and who are infected with measles, the disease can
manifest as a mild respiratory infection, or it can be a serious illness. Serious
complications of the infection include pneumonia, ear infection, blood
abnormalities, and encephalitis (inflammation of the
brain), which can cause permanent neurologic effects or death.

Neglected Tropical Diseases

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) infect billions of people worldwide, yet they are often unknown in developed countries. As a result, less funding has gone to NTDs for disease control or elimination programs. In the later decades of the twentieth century, the attention to NTDs increased somewhat. The NTDs contributing the largest burden of disease are lymphaticfilariasis (elephantiasis), onchocerciasis (river blindness), schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminth (worm) infections, and trachoma.

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a disfiguring disease caused by thin, microscopic
worms and is transmitted by mosquito bites. The tiny worms live in and damage the
lymphatic system and, after long periods of time, can result in severe swelling of
the arms, legs, breasts, and genitalia, leading to substantial disability. When
chronically swollen areas become thickened and hardened, the resultant condition
is referred to as elephantiasis. LF affects a minimum of one billion people in
eighty-three countries, primarily in tropical and subtropical areas of India,
Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Nigeria. LF can be treated with annual doses of
inexpensive antiparasitic drugs, including albendazole and diethylcarbazine, which
do not kill adult worms in the body but kill the immature worms that can transmit
the disease person-to-person through mosquito bites and thereby interrupt the
cycle of transmission.

Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is
transmitted from person to person by the bite of a black fly; the disease affects
eighteen million people in thirty-five countries. The disease causes skin rashes
with intense itching and eye damage that can result in blindness. An annual dose
of the drug ivermectin can prevent the disease.

Schistosomiasis affects two hundred million people in
seventy-four countries. It is caused by a parasite called a fluke, which lives in
fresh-water snails and causes several different syndromes in humans; these
syndromes can result in kidney, bladder, and liver disease, and death.

Soil-transmitted helminths (worms) cause malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, anemia, and intestinal obstruction in more than one billion people worldwide, with many more persons at risk. It is easily treated by administration of mebendazole or albendazole twice yearly. Partners for Parasite Control, a WHO group, is working toward the goal of treating 75 percent of all at-risk children with these drugs.

Trachoma is a bacterial infection of the eye caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis, which causes scarring of the lining of
the upper eyelid and leads to blindness. It is spread from person to person by
direct contact and affects more than eighty-four million people in fifty-five
countries. The International Trachoma Initiative is dedicated to eradicating this
disease by using a treatment and prevention strategy known as SAFE: surgery,
antibiotics, face-washing hygiene, and environmental changes.

Impact

Infectious diseases in developing countries remain a huge global problem. Recognizing their responsibility to respond in a humanitarian way, many of the wealthy nations of the world are committed to finding solutions to these diseases. WHO, the Global Health Council, UNICEF, and other international organizations are working toward disease eradication, with polio and measles the most likely initial targets for eradication. National efforts, such as the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), which was reauthorized in 2008, will continue to pump economic aid to programs that are researching ways to control HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and other diseases around the world.

Bibliography

Abdool, Karim S. S., et al. “HIV Infection and Tuberculosis in South Africa: An Urgent Need to Escalate the Public Health Response.” The Lancet 374 (12 Sept. 2009): 921–33. Print.

"Access to Antiretroviral Therapy in Africa Status: Report on Progress towards the 2015 Targets." UNAIDS. United Nations, 2015. PDF file.

Batterman S., et al. “Sustainable Control of Water-Related Infectious Diseases: A Review and Proposal for Interdisciplinary Health-Based Systems Research.” Environmental Health Perspectives 117.7 (2009): 1023–32. Print.

"Eliminating Measles, Rubella, and Tetanus." Unicef.org. UNICEF, 3 Feb. 2015. Web. 31 Dec. 2015.

Greenwood, Brian M., et al. “Malaria: Progress, Perils, and Prospects for Eradication.” Journal of Clinical Investigation 118.4 (2008): 1266–76. Print.

Packard, Randall M. The Making of a Tropical Disease: A Short History of Malaria. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2007. Print.

Plotkin, Stanley A., Walter A. Orenstein, and Paul A. Offit. Vaccines. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2013. Print.

Santosham, Mathuram, et al. “Progress and Barriers for the Control of Diarrhoeal Disease.” The Lancet 376 (3 July 2010): 63–67. Print.