How were the Australian prisoners of war treated by the Japanese?

In general, the Japanese had a strong disdain for prisoners of war.  Culturally speaking, the Japanese did not believe in surrender or capture, so they looked down on the prisoners of war that were under their care.  During World War II, the Japanese were notorious for their brutal treatment of prisoners of war, regardless of their origins.  Over 22,000 Australian prisoners were captured during the war.  Eight thousand died under the supervision of the Japanese. Most died of malnutrition and were treated with brutality and malice.  The Japanese also used Australian prisoners of war to build rail lines in different locations throughout their Pacific Empire.  Over a thousand prisoners of war perished on ships that were accidentally torpedoed by the Allies.  This happened because the vessels were unmarked and the Allies did not realize prisoners were on board.  

What is the effect of the quote "I have bought the mansion of love but not possessed it" in Romeo and Juliet?

This quote is from Juliet's soliloquy in Act Three, Scene 2. She is waiting for Romeo to come and spend the night with her so they can consummate their marriage. By this statement, she is saying she has married Romeo, but not fully yet made her marriage and her union with him whole. Of course, this soliloquy is full of dramatic irony. The audience knows what Juliet does not: Romeo has just complicated his marriage by killing Tybalt. This line demonstrates several things to the audience. First, it underscores Juliet's powerful love for her new husband and her strong sexual desire for him. In context, the audience will realize that even though the young couple does consummate their marriage, Juliet will never fully enjoy the "mansion of love" because she will not be able to live and grow old with Romeo. This sad reality was revealed in the play's Prologue, and events in the previous scene have pushed the plot toward this tragic conclusion. 

Why might ice on a car windshield disappear as you drive even without the use of a heater?

The process you are asking about is called sublimation, which is when water changes state from solid to gas without first becoming a liquid. Certain conditions make it more likely for sublimation to occur. Sunlight, low relative humidity, and dry wind are all conditions that are catalysts for ice changing to air. Sublimation cannot occur without heat produced by energy.

There are a number of factors that can cause the ice on the windshield to sublime. There are energy sources in a car that may create heat. These sources include body heat and the energy created by the engine. The intense wind created by the movement of the car against the air also creates energy. On a dry day, this wind will be even more effective in the process. Even if sublimation does not occur, evaporation may take place. The wind may melt the ice into small droplets of water that are simply blown off by the force of the wind around the car.

What is a problem and solution in Number the Stars by Lois Lowry?

One problem is that the Rosens are Jewish, and the solution is for Henrik to smuggle them to Sweden.

The story is set during World War II in Denmark.  Denmark is a very small country, so it could not do much to stop the Nazi occupation.  This did not mean that Denmark did not fight back.  The Resistance helped get Jewish people to safety so they would not be captured by the Nazis and sent to concentration camps or killed.

Annemarie’s friend Ellen is Jewish.  Annemarie is old enough to understand that the Nazis are targeting Jews, and that soon it will not be safe to be Jewish in Denmark.  She is aware that Sweden is still free, and that Ellen has to get to Sweden to be safe. 

"Oh, Ellen," she went on. "You will love it there. It is where my grandparents lived, where Mama and Uncle Henrik grew up. It is so beautiful—right on the water. You can stand at the edge of the meadow and look across to Sweden!" (Ch. 6) 

Although everyone is affected by the war, Annemarie is aware that the situation is more serious for Jews.  She only vaguely understands the movements of the Resistance.  Uncle Henrik and her father talk about fishing, and he says that her mother is going to bring Henrik cigarettes.  Annemarie knows there are no cigarettes, and it is Ellen that her mother is going to bring.  Henrik will smuggle her to Sweden. 

For Annemarie, the knowledge that her friend in danger is confusing and depressing. 

Annemarie felt a surge of sadness; the bond of their friendship had not broken, but it was as if Ellen had moved now into a different world, the world of her own family and whatever lay ahead for them. (Ch. 10) 

She doesn’t fully comprehend how Ellen and the Rosens will be rescued at first.  However, she does contribute to the Resistance effort by playing messenger, because she is young and no one will suspect her.  Annemarie learns that she can be brave because she has to be.

Who were the literary heroes during the Age of Enlightenment? I'm supposed to name two heroes of this time period. As I understand it, Daniel...

Yes, you are absolutely on the right track!

The Age of Enlightenment refers to the time period when literature turned toward the exploration of much different themes than it had previously covered, including that of the natural state of man, the nature of civilization, social upheaval, and shifts in personal status.  

The Enlightenment aimed to celebrate ideas and reasoning, with a surge of writers who used satire to attack the previously held beliefs or institutional practices of the eighteenth century. That is where Jonathan Swift enters the scene (as you mentioned!) with Gulliver's Travel, which took a witty look at the travels of surgeon Lemuel Gulliver and examined themes of the individual versus society, the importance of self-awareness, and the roles that power and moral correctness play in people's social lives. Gulliver's Travels was a product of the Enlightenment (again, as a function of the rise of satire and the novel), even if the writing within it sometimes critiqued aspects of the Enlightenment--particularly the new conception of truth as a series of factual claims. So, yes, in that sense, Gulliver could be seen as an "anti-hero." He is educated, but gullible and lacks a sense of awareness about his own self and the world around him. 

The other character you pointed out--Daniel Defoe's titular character in Robinson Crusoe--is, on the other hand, a perfect representative of Enlightenment ideals. The book is told through a first person perspective, with Crusoe constructing his own world out of the materials available to him in the wild and attempting to civilize the "savages" he encounters. This book is widely considered the first English novel, and was an immediate success. 

So, yes, the answers you intend to give are correct. If you're interested in continuing to research this topic, you might also look into the realistic social novels of Samuel Richardson (particularly his epistolary work, Clarissa) and Tobias Smollett. 

Pliny the Younger, Letter 1.4: Could any part of the relationship between Pliny and his mother-in-law, Pompeia Celerina be described as patronage?

It is difficult to ascertain a sense of patronage from Pliny the Younger's Letter 1.4 alone. We know that Pliny's mother-in-law Pompeia Celerina was a wealthy woman in her own right, most likely being the daughter of a wealthy member of the Roman consulate--a consul was the highest elected political office in the Roman Republic--and in her first marriage, the wife of a proconsul (a governor appointed by the Senate) (Shelton, 2012, p. 259). We also know that she married at least twice, and it is equally likely that given her status, she married wealthy men. Pliny, himself being a consul appointed by Emperor Trajan, was wealthy, as well, and patron of the towns of Umbria after his uncle's (Pliny the Elder) death. One of his duties as patron would have been to travel to the estates in his region to make sure they were being managed well and profitably. It is possible that the visit to which Pliny refers in Letter 1.4 is in this line of duty. Pompeia lived in the region of Umbria, so it could be said that Pliny was her patron, and his letter to her contains some hints that this was true. First, Pliny writes "that some of my own property is scarcely so completely mine as is some of yours" and that he is "more thoroughly and attentively looked after by [Pompeia's] servants" than he is by his own. The first statement indicates that Pliny feels so at home at Pompeia's villas that it's as if he owns them, in which case, Pompeia would live there by his leave; the second indicates that her servants recognize his authority.

On the other hand, it is equally possible that Pompeia was Pliny's patron. According to Shelton (2012), "in-laws were expected to help finance a man's political career" (p. 261), and she also suggests that Pompeia had "sent a brief written message to the staffs of her villas, alerting them that Pliny had her approval to stay at them" (emphasis mine, p. 262). Pliny's Letter 1.4 also seems to support this: "My letters--for now there is no need for you to write--will have shown you how pleased I am, or rather the short letter will which I wrote long ago." This statement seems to indicate that Pompeia had indeed once written a letter to her staffs that Pliny was welcome anytime and that he no longer required a letter of consent each time he wished to visit. In addition, it was Pliny himself who chose the letters that were published; it is possible that he chose the publication of this letter, and the attention it would have brought to Pompeia, as a way to show his gratitude to her for her generous support (Shelton, 2012, p. 264).

From either perspective, it seems clear that Pliny and Pompeia shared a close relationship of mutual trust and affection for many years. 

What is the difference in the impact of art therapy and art?

The difference in the impact of art therapy and art is in the purpose of, and human reaction to, each.

The subject of the impact of art on individuals, populations, communities, and education has been and continues to be studied. In general, the impact of art is based on one’s emotional response to it, no matter the medium. It is believed that understanding and being involved in artistic endeavors such as music or painting enriches lives. For some, art impacts their understanding of history through works from pre-biblical times to contemporary work. Some believe that exposure to and participation in the arts is paramount to student learning, while others believe the arts simple cause people to express and react to beauty and pleasure that would not exist without artistic outlets.

On the other hand, the purpose of art therapy is to aid in the healing of individuals from social and emotional trauma. Art therapy is a distinct form of psychotherapy. It is a creative release, facilitated by an art therapist or psychologist, in both individual and group settings. People are encouraged to express their emotions through artistic creations in order to deal with life’s challenges, illnesses, and relationships.

Art therapy helps people resolve conflicts, improve interpersonal skills, manage problematic behaviors, reduce negative stress, and achieve personal insight. Art therapy also provides an opportunity to enjoy the life-affirming pleasures of art making.